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Integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids: State-of-the-art and future opportunities

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  • Guo, Caishan
  • Luo, Fengji
  • Cai, Zexiang
  • Dong, Zhao Yang

Abstract

Cloud computing platforms are critical cyber infrastructures in modern society. As the backbone of cloud systems, data centers act as large energy consumers in today’s power grids. The integration of on-site renewable energy sources and energy storage systems further transforms data centers to be energy prosumers (producers-and-consumers). As a result, optimizing data centers’ energy production and consumption, and exploiting their potential of actively engaging in the external grid’s planning, operation, and control has been drawing increasing attention in the last few years. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research efforts on integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids. A taxonomy of such integration scenarios is provided. Consequently, this paper identifies several future application scenarios of integrating data centers and smart grids, which serves as a roadmap towards future research. This article is expected to provide a useful reference for researchers and engineers in the areas of energy systems and cloud computing.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Caishan & Luo, Fengji & Cai, Zexiang & Dong, Zhao Yang, 2021. "Integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids: State-of-the-art and future opportunities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:301:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921008618
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117474
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    8. Chen, Xiaoyuan & Zhang, Mingshun & Jiang, Shan & Gou, Huayu & Zhou, Pang & Yang, Ruohuan & Shen, Boyang, 2023. "Energy reliability enhancement of a data center/wind hybrid DC network using superconducting magnetic energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    9. Xu, Da & Xiang, Shizhe & Bai, Ziyi & Wei, Juan & Gao, Menglu, 2023. "Optimal multi-energy portfolio towards zero carbon data center buildings in the presence of proactive demand response programs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    10. Han, Ouzhu & Ding, Tao & Mu, Chenggang & Jia, Wenhao & Ma, Zhoujun, 2023. "Waste heat reutilization and integrated demand response for decentralized optimization of data centers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    11. Dong, Fuxiang & Wang, Jiangjiang & Xu, Hangwei & Zhang, Xutao, 2024. "A robust real-time energy scheduling strategy of integrated energy system based on multi-step interval prediction of uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    12. Chen, Xiaoyuan & Jiang, Shan & Chen, Yu & Zou, Zhice & Shen, Boyang & Lei, Yi & Zhang, Donghui & Zhang, Mingshun & Gou, Huayu, 2022. "Energy-saving superconducting power delivery from renewable energy source to a 100-MW-class data center," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    13. Wang, Kaifeng & Ye, Lin & Yang, Shihui & Deng, Zhanfeng & Song, Jieying & Li, Zhuo & Zhao, Yongning, 2023. "A hierarchical dispatch strategy of hybrid energy storage system in internet data center with model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    14. Woon, Kok Sin & Phuang, Zhen Xin & Taler, Jan & Varbanov, Petar Sabev & Chong, Cheng Tung & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Lee, Chew Tin, 2023. "Recent advances in urban green energy development towards carbon emissions neutrality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    15. Wang, Zhiying & Wang, Yang & Ji, Haoran & Hasanien, Hany M. & Zhao, Jinli & Yu, Lei & He, Jiafeng & Yu, Hao & Li, Peng, 2024. "Distributionally robust planning for data center park considering operational economy and reliability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    16. Sun, Qingkai & Wang, Xiaojun & Liu, Zhao & Mirsaeidi, Sohrab & He, Jinghan & Pei, Wei, 2022. "Multi-agent energy management optimization for integrated energy systems under the energy and carbon co-trading market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    17. Qiu, Haifeng & Vinod, Ashwin & Lu, Shuai & Gooi, Hoay Beng & Pan, Guangsheng & Zhang, Suhan & Veerasamy, Veerapandiyan, 2023. "Decentralized mixed-integer optimization for robust integrated electricity and heat scheduling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    18. Cao, Yujie & Cao, Fang & Wang, Yajing & Wang, Jianxiao & Wu, Lei & Ding, Zhaohao, 2024. "Managing data center cluster as non-wire alternative: A case in balancing market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    19. Ye, Guisen & Gao, Feng & Fang, Jingyang, 2022. "A mission-driven two-step virtual machine commitment for energy saving of modern data centers through UPS and server coordinated optimizations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    20. Yang Li & Rongqiang Li & Linjun Shi & Feng Wu & Jianhua Zhou & Jian Liu & Keman Lin, 2023. "Adjustable Capability Evaluation of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Demand Response and Economic Constraints," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-23, December.
    21. Zhang, Weiqi & Zavala, Victor M., 2022. "Remunerating space–time, load-shifting flexibility from data centers in electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    22. Liu, Xiaoou, 2024. "Research on collaborative scheduling of internet data center and regional integrated energy system based on electricity-heat-water coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

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