IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v301y2021ics0306261921008618.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids: State-of-the-art and future opportunities

Author

Listed:
  • Guo, Caishan
  • Luo, Fengji
  • Cai, Zexiang
  • Dong, Zhao Yang

Abstract

Cloud computing platforms are critical cyber infrastructures in modern society. As the backbone of cloud systems, data centers act as large energy consumers in today’s power grids. The integration of on-site renewable energy sources and energy storage systems further transforms data centers to be energy prosumers (producers-and-consumers). As a result, optimizing data centers’ energy production and consumption, and exploiting their potential of actively engaging in the external grid’s planning, operation, and control has been drawing increasing attention in the last few years. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research efforts on integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids. A taxonomy of such integration scenarios is provided. Consequently, this paper identifies several future application scenarios of integrating data centers and smart grids, which serves as a roadmap towards future research. This article is expected to provide a useful reference for researchers and engineers in the areas of energy systems and cloud computing.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Caishan & Luo, Fengji & Cai, Zexiang & Dong, Zhao Yang, 2021. "Integrated energy systems of data centers and smart grids: State-of-the-art and future opportunities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:301:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921008618
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117474
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921008618
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117474?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Min & Gao, Ciwei & Song, Meng & Chen, Songsong & Li, Dezhi & Liu, Qiang, 2020. "Internet data centers participating in demand response: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    2. Wang, Wei & Abdolrashidi, Amirali & Yu, Nanpeng & Wong, Daniel, 2019. "Frequency regulation service provision in data center with computational flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Guo, Caishan & Luo, Fengji & Cai, Zexiang & Dong, Zhao Yang & Zhang, Rui, 2021. "Integrated planning of internet data centers and battery energy storage systems in smart grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    4. Fu, Yangyang & Han, Xu & Baker, Kyri & Zuo, Wangda, 2020. "Assessments of data centers for provision of frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "Dynamic simulation and thermoeconomic analysis of a power to gas system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    2. Han, Ouzhu & Ding, Tao & Zhang, Xiaosheng & Mu, Chenggang & He, Xinran & Zhang, Hongji & Jia, Wenhao & Ma, Zhoujun, 2023. "A shared energy storage business model for data center clusters considering renewable energy uncertainties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 1273-1290.
    3. Maria Symeonidou & Agis M. Papadopoulos, 2022. "Selection and Dimensioning of Energy Storage Systems for Standalone Communities: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-28, November.
    4. Qiang Wang & Dong Yu & Jinyu Zhou & Chaowu Jin, 2023. "Data Storage Optimization Model Based on Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Han, Ouzhu & Ding, Tao & Yang, Miao & Jia, Wenhao & He, Xinran & Ma, Zhoujun, 2024. "A novel 4-level joint optimal dispatch for demand response of data centers with district autonomy realization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    6. Wang, Jiangjiang & Deng, Hongda & Liu, Yi & Guo, Zeqing & Wang, Yongzhen, 2023. "Coordinated optimal scheduling of integrated energy system for data center based on computing load shifting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    7. Jerez Monsalves, Juan & Bergaentzlé, Claire & Keles, Dogan, 2023. "Impacts of flexible-cooling and waste-heat recovery from data centres on energy systems: A Danish case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    8. Chen, Xiaoyuan & Zhang, Mingshun & Jiang, Shan & Gou, Huayu & Zhou, Pang & Yang, Ruohuan & Shen, Boyang, 2023. "Energy reliability enhancement of a data center/wind hybrid DC network using superconducting magnetic energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    9. Xu, Da & Xiang, Shizhe & Bai, Ziyi & Wei, Juan & Gao, Menglu, 2023. "Optimal multi-energy portfolio towards zero carbon data center buildings in the presence of proactive demand response programs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    10. Han, Ouzhu & Ding, Tao & Mu, Chenggang & Jia, Wenhao & Ma, Zhoujun, 2023. "Waste heat reutilization and integrated demand response for decentralized optimization of data centers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    11. Dong, Fuxiang & Wang, Jiangjiang & Xu, Hangwei & Zhang, Xutao, 2024. "A robust real-time energy scheduling strategy of integrated energy system based on multi-step interval prediction of uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    12. Chen, Xiaoyuan & Jiang, Shan & Chen, Yu & Zou, Zhice & Shen, Boyang & Lei, Yi & Zhang, Donghui & Zhang, Mingshun & Gou, Huayu, 2022. "Energy-saving superconducting power delivery from renewable energy source to a 100-MW-class data center," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    13. Wang, Kaifeng & Ye, Lin & Yang, Shihui & Deng, Zhanfeng & Song, Jieying & Li, Zhuo & Zhao, Yongning, 2023. "A hierarchical dispatch strategy of hybrid energy storage system in internet data center with model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    14. Woon, Kok Sin & Phuang, Zhen Xin & Taler, Jan & Varbanov, Petar Sabev & Chong, Cheng Tung & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Lee, Chew Tin, 2023. "Recent advances in urban green energy development towards carbon emissions neutrality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    15. Wang, Zhiying & Wang, Yang & Ji, Haoran & Hasanien, Hany M. & Zhao, Jinli & Yu, Lei & He, Jiafeng & Yu, Hao & Li, Peng, 2024. "Distributionally robust planning for data center park considering operational economy and reliability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    16. Sun, Qingkai & Wang, Xiaojun & Liu, Zhao & Mirsaeidi, Sohrab & He, Jinghan & Pei, Wei, 2022. "Multi-agent energy management optimization for integrated energy systems under the energy and carbon co-trading market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    17. Qiu, Haifeng & Vinod, Ashwin & Lu, Shuai & Gooi, Hoay Beng & Pan, Guangsheng & Zhang, Suhan & Veerasamy, Veerapandiyan, 2023. "Decentralized mixed-integer optimization for robust integrated electricity and heat scheduling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    18. Cao, Yujie & Cao, Fang & Wang, Yajing & Wang, Jianxiao & Wu, Lei & Ding, Zhaohao, 2024. "Managing data center cluster as non-wire alternative: A case in balancing market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    19. Ye, Guisen & Gao, Feng & Fang, Jingyang, 2022. "A mission-driven two-step virtual machine commitment for energy saving of modern data centers through UPS and server coordinated optimizations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    20. Yang Li & Rongqiang Li & Linjun Shi & Feng Wu & Jianhua Zhou & Jian Liu & Keman Lin, 2023. "Adjustable Capability Evaluation of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Demand Response and Economic Constraints," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-24, December.
    21. Zhang, Weiqi & Zavala, Victor M., 2022. "Remunerating space–time, load-shifting flexibility from data centers in electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    22. Liu, Xiaoou, 2024. "Research on collaborative scheduling of internet data center and regional integrated energy system based on electricity-heat-water coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shan, Kui & Wang, Shengwei & Zhuang, Chaoqun, 2021. "Controlling a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to provide grid frequency regulation: A validation based on onsite tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Ye, Guisen & Gao, Feng & Fang, Jingyang, 2022. "A mission-driven two-step virtual machine commitment for energy saving of modern data centers through UPS and server coordinated optimizations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    3. Zhang, Weiqi & Zavala, Victor M., 2022. "Remunerating space–time, load-shifting flexibility from data centers in electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    4. Chen, Sirui & Li, Peng & Ji, Haoran & Yu, Hao & Yan, Jinyue & Wu, Jianzhong & Wang, Chengshan, 2021. "Operational flexibility of active distribution networks with the potential from data centers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    5. Chen, Boyu & Che, Yanbo & Zheng, Zhihao & Zhao, Shuaijun, 2023. "Multi-objective robust optimal bidding strategy for a data center operator based on bi-level optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Xu, Da & Xiang, Shizhe & Bai, Ziyi & Wei, Juan & Gao, Menglu, 2023. "Optimal multi-energy portfolio towards zero carbon data center buildings in the presence of proactive demand response programs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    7. Al Kez, Dlzar & Foley, Aoife M. & Ahmed, Faraedoon W. & O'Malley, Mark & Muyeen, S.M., 2021. "Potential of data centers for fast frequency response services in synchronously isolated power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    8. Golmohamadi, Hessam, 2022. "Demand-side management in industrial sector: A review of heavy industries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    9. Cao, Yujie & Zhang, Sufang, 2023. "Facilitating the provision of load flexibility to the power system by data centers: A hybrid research method applied to China," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    10. Emrani-Rahaghi, Pouria & Hashemi-Dezaki, Hamed & Ketabi, Abbas, 2023. "Efficient voltage control of low voltage distribution networks using integrated optimized energy management of networked residential multi-energy microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    11. Fu, Yangyang & Han, Xu & Baker, Kyri & Zuo, Wangda, 2020. "Assessments of data centers for provision of frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    12. Wang, Ji-Xiang & Qian, Jian & Wang, Ni & Zhang, He & Cao, Xiang & Liu, Feifan & Hao, Guanqiu, 2023. "A scalable micro-encapsulated phase change material and liquid metal integrated composite for sustainable data center cooling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 75-85.
    13. Han, Ouzhu & Ding, Tao & Yang, Miao & Jia, Wenhao & He, Xinran & Ma, Zhoujun, 2024. "A novel 4-level joint optimal dispatch for demand response of data centers with district autonomy realization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    14. Fu, Yangyang & Xu, Shichao & Zhu, Qi & O’Neill, Zheng & Adetola, Veronica, 2023. "How good are learning-based control v.s. model-based control for load shifting? Investigations on a single zone building energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    15. Laxmi Gupta & Ravi Shankar, 2022. "Adoption of Battery Management System in Utility Grid: An Empirical Study Using Structural Equation Modeling," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 23(4), pages 573-596, December.
    16. Hormozi, Elham & Hu, Shuwen & Ding, Zhe & Tian, Yu-Chu & Wang, You-Gan & Yu, Zu-Guo & Zhang, Weizhe, 2022. "Energy-efficient virtual machine placement in data centres via an accelerated Genetic Algorithm with improved fitness computation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    17. Wang, Kaifeng & Ye, Lin & Yang, Shihui & Deng, Zhanfeng & Song, Jieying & Li, Zhuo & Zhao, Yongning, 2023. "A hierarchical dispatch strategy of hybrid energy storage system in internet data center with model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    18. Li, Weiwei & Qian, Tong & Zhang, Yin & Shen, Yueqing & Wu, Chenghu & Tang, Wenhu, 2023. "Distributionally robust chance-constrained planning for regional integrated electricity–heat systems with data centers considering wind power uncertainty," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    19. Isazadeh, Amin & Ziviani, Davide & Claridge, David E., 2023. "Global trends, performance metrics, and energy reduction measures in datacom facilities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    20. Wang, Jiangjiang & Deng, Hongda & Liu, Yi & Guo, Zeqing & Wang, Yongzhen, 2023. "Coordinated optimal scheduling of integrated energy system for data center based on computing load shifting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:301:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921008618. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.