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Synthesis of di-trimethylolpropane tetraester-based biolubricant from Elaeis guineensis kernel oil via homogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification

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  • Bahadi, Murad
  • Salimon, Jumat
  • Derawi, Darfizzi

Abstract

Bio-based lubricant is crucial to be developed considering the toxicity risk, climate change, energy security, and green-environmental approach. This work presents a conversion of crude palm kernel seed oil to produce biolubricant product, CPKO-di-TMPTE via homogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification reaction between crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and di-trimethylolpropane (di-TMP). The optimization reaction process was performed using response surface methodology by D-optimal design based on four reaction parameters; the ratio of reactants, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading. The optimum yield was about 79% with 91% selectivity of tetraester. The chemical structure of the biolubricant was characterized using infrared (FTIR), proton (1H-) and carbon (13C-) nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy analysis techniques. Biolubricant product recorded its kinematic viscosity (40 °C and 100 °C) of 111.6 cSt and 18.1 cSt, a viscosity index of 140.1, pour point of - 6 °C, flashpoint > 365 °C, and oxidative stability of 200 °C. The product is classified as ISO VG 100 lubricant grade suitable for a food-grade hydraulic fluid.

Suggested Citation

  • Bahadi, Murad & Salimon, Jumat & Derawi, Darfizzi, 2021. "Synthesis of di-trimethylolpropane tetraester-based biolubricant from Elaeis guineensis kernel oil via homogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 981-993.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:171:y:2021:i:c:p:981-993
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.163
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    1. Aguieiras, Érika C.G. & Cavalcanti, Elisa D.C. & da Silva, Priscila R. & Soares, Valéria F. & Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto & Bessa Assunção, Charles Lima & da Silva, José André C. & Freire, Denise M.G., 2020. "Enzymatic synthesis of neopentyl glycol-bases biolubricants using biodiesel from soybean and castor bean as raw materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 689-696.
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    3. Wu, Sheng-qing & Sun, Ting-ting & Cai, Zi-zhe & Shen, Juan & Yang, Wen-zhe & Zhao, Zhi-min & Yang, De-po, 2020. "Biolubricant base stock with improved low temperature performance: Ester complex production using housefly (Musca domestica L.) larval lipid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1940-1951.
    4. Chan, Chung-Hung & Tang, Sook Wah & Mohd, Noor Khairin & Lim, Wen Huei & Yeong, Shoot Kian & Idris, Zainab, 2018. "Tribological behavior of biolubricant base stocks and additives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 145-157.
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    6. Kim, Heejin & Choi, Nakyung & Kim, Yangha & Kim, Hak-Ryul & Lee, Junsoo & Kim, In-Hwan, 2019. "Immobilized lipase-catalyzed esterification for synthesis of trimethylolpropane triester as a biolubricant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 489-494.
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    1. Nor, Nurazira Mohd & Salih, Nadia & Salimon, Jumat, 2022. "Optimization and lubrication properties of Malaysian crude palm oil fatty acids based neopentyl glycol diester green biolubricant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 942-956.
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