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Catalytic effect of acidic deep eutectic solvents for the conversion of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate

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  • Sert, Murat

Abstract

The production of ethyl levulinate has been investigated by levulinic acid esterification with ethanol in the presence of deep eutectic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents are environmentally friendly materials that can be easily synthesized by mixing hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. In this study, six different choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents were synthesized. Due to the requirement of esterification reaction, carboxylic acids were selected as hydrogen bond donor to gain acidic nature. Reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at various operating conditions. The most catalytically active catalyst was found to be DES formed by choline chloride and para-toluene sulfonic acid. The maximum conversion of levulinic acid was achieved as 99.8% at 353 K for 1 h in the presence of 5 wt% of catalyst. The highest selectivity of ethyl levulinate was achieved as 99.9% at 353 K, catalyst loading of 5 wt% and ethanol/levulinic acid molar ratio of 1.

Suggested Citation

  • Sert, Murat, 2020. "Catalytic effect of acidic deep eutectic solvents for the conversion of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 1155-1162.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:153:y:2020:i:c:p:1155-1162
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.070
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad & Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina & Asmadi, Mohd, 2019. "Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of levulinic acid esterification using lignin-furfural carbon cryogel catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 547-557.
    2. Sert, Murat & Arslanoğlu, Alparslan & Ballice, Levent, 2018. "Conversion of sunflower stalk based cellulose to the valuable products using choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 993-1000.
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    1. Mankar, Akshay R. & Pandey, Ashish & Modak, Arindam & Pant, K.K., 2021. "Microwave mediated enhanced production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using choline chloride-based eutectic mixture as sustainable catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 643-651.

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