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Hydrothermal liquefaction of fresh lemon-peel: Parameter optimisation and product chemistry

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  • Zhang, Bo
  • Chen, Jixiang
  • He, Zhixia
  • Chen, Haitao
  • Kandasamy, Sabariswaran

Abstract

Large amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 °C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Bo & Chen, Jixiang & He, Zhixia & Chen, Haitao & Kandasamy, Sabariswaran, 2019. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of fresh lemon-peel: Parameter optimisation and product chemistry," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 512-519.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:143:y:2019:i:c:p:512-519
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.003
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    3. Sharma, Nishesh & Jaiswal, Krishna Kumar & Kumar, Vinod & Vlaskin, Mikhail S. & Nanda, Manisha & Rautela, Indra & Tomar, Mahipal Singh & Ahmad, Waseem, 2021. "Effect of catalyst and temperature on the quality and productivity of HTL bio-oil from microalgae: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 810-822.
    4. Aljabri, Hareb & Das, Probir & Khan, Shoyeb & AbdulQuadir, Mohammad & Thaher, Mahmoud & Hawari, Alaa H. & Al-Shamary, Noora Mahmoud, 2022. "A study to investigate the energy recovery potential from different macromolecules of a low-lipid marine Tetraselmis sp. biomass through HTL process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 78-89.
    5. Zhao, Kaige & Li, Wanqing & Yu, Yingying & Chen, Guanyi & Yan, Beibei & Cheng, Zhanjun & Zhao, Hai & Fang, Yang, 2023. "Speciation and transformation of nitrogen in the hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater-treated duckweed for the bio-oil production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 661-670.

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