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Thermo-neutral production of metals and hydrogen or methanol by the combined reduction of the oxides of zinc or iron with partial oxidation of hydrocarbons

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  • Halmann, M.
  • Frei, A.
  • Steinfeld, A.

Abstract

Stoichiometry and temperature requirements are determined for combining the endothermic reduction of metal oxides (ZnO, Fe2O3, and MgO) with the exothermic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons (CH4, n-butane, n-octane, and n-dodecane) in order to co-produce simultaneously metals and syngas in thermo-neutral reactions. Thermogravimetric and GC measurements on the combined reduction of ZnO and Fe2O3 with the partial oxidation of CH4 were conducted at 1400 K to experimentally verify the products predicted by equilibrium computations, and resulted in the complete reduction to Zn and Fe, respectively, while producing high quality syngas. A preliminary economic assessment that assumes a natural gas price of 11.9 US$/MWh and credit for zinc sale at 750 US$/metric ton, indicates a competitive cost of hydrogen production at 6.0 US$/MWh, based on its high heating value. The proposed combined process offers the possibility of co-producing metals and syngas in autothermal non-catalytic reactors, with significant avoidance of CO2 emission.

Suggested Citation

  • Halmann, M. & Frei, A. & Steinfeld, A., 2002. "Thermo-neutral production of metals and hydrogen or methanol by the combined reduction of the oxides of zinc or iron with partial oxidation of hydrocarbons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(12), pages 1069-1084.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:27:y:2002:i:12:p:1069-1084
    DOI: 10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00080-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Steinfeld, A. & Brack, M. & Meier, A. & Weidenkaff, A. & Wuillemin, D., 1998. "A solar chemical reactor for co-production of zinc and synthesis gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 23(10), pages 803-814.
    2. Steinfeld, Aldo, 1997. "High-temperature solar thermochemistry for CO2 mitigation in the extractive metallurgical industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 311-316.
    3. Steinfeld, A. & Kuhn, P. & Karni, J., 1993. "High-temperature solar thermochemistry: Production of iron and synthesis gas by Fe3O4-reduction with methane," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 239-249.
    4. Steinfeld, A. & Larson, C. & Palumbo, R. & Foley, M., 1996. "Thermodynamic analysis of the co-production of zinc and synthesis gas using solar process heat," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 205-222.
    5. Steinfeld, Aldo & Fletcher, Edward A., 1991. "Theoretical and experimental investigation of the carbothermic reduction of Fe2O3 using solar energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 1011-1019.
    6. Werder, Miriam & Steinfeld, Aldo, 2000. "Life cycle assessment of the conventional and solar thermal production of zinc and synthesis gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 395-409.
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    1. Halmann, M. & Steinfeld, A., 2006. "Fuel saving, carbon dioxide emission avoidance, and syngas production by tri-reforming of flue gases from coal- and gas-fired power stations, and by the carbothermic reduction of iron oxide," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(15), pages 3171-3185.
    2. Halmann, M. & Frei, A. & Steinfeld, A., 2007. "Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2420-2427.
    3. Halmann, M. & Steinfeld, A., 2006. "Production of lime, hydrogen, and methanol by the thermo-neutral combined calcination of limestone with partial oxidation of natural gas or coal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(10), pages 1533-1541.

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