IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v268y2023ics0360544223000853.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carbon footprint of battery electric vehicles considering average and marginal electricity mix

Author

Listed:
  • García, Antonio
  • Monsalve-Serrano, Javier
  • Martinez-Boggio, Santiago
  • Soria Alcaide, Rafael

Abstract

The current investigation presents a methodology to quantify the error in the greenhouse gas emissions of different electric passenger vehicles when considering the marginal instead of the average CO2 emissions. Both well-to-wheel and life-cycle assessment were carried out. The energy required for the vehicles was calculated by analyzing passenger cars of different segments and different powertrain systems in various driving cycles using detailed vehicle models. Results obtained were compared to the targets set by the European Union, following the current legislation, to highlight a realistic position of the different powertrains (electric, hybrid and combustion engines) in the current paradigm of the transport sector. The approach followed along the study showed variations respecting many previous works, unveiling higher environmental impact - in terms of CO2 - due to electric vehicles usage, although still below the pollution level of internal combustion engine cars, in the case analyzed. In normal conditions, pollution calculated based on marginal emissions turn to be more than the double in the current scenario for the case studied. The standpoint and methodology presented in the present work demonstrate that using average emissions values of the energy generation systems might lead to gross miscalculation of the environmental impact of the future transport sector.

Suggested Citation

  • García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martinez-Boggio, Santiago & Soria Alcaide, Rafael, 2023. "Carbon footprint of battery electric vehicles considering average and marginal electricity mix," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:268:y:2023:i:c:s0360544223000853
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126691
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544223000853
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2023.126691?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiong, Siqin & Wang, Yunshi & Bai, Bo & Ma, Xiaoming, 2021. "A hybrid life cycle assessment of the large-scale application of electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    2. Sharma, Ashish & Strezov, Vladimir, 2017. "Life cycle environmental and economic impact assessment of alternative transport fuels and power-train technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1132-1141.
    3. Hernandez, Maria & Messagie, Maarten & De Gennaro, Michele & Van Mierlo, Joeri, 2017. "Resource depletion in an electric vehicle powertrain using different LCA impact methods," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 119-130.
    4. Hainsch, Karlo & Löffler, Konstantin & Burandt, Thorsten & Auer, Hans & Crespo del Granado, Pedro & Pisciella, Paolo & Zwickl-Bernhard, Sebastian, 2022. "Energy transition scenarios: What policies, societal attitudes, and technology developments will realize the EU Green Deal?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    5. Anne de Bortoli, 2021. "Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA," Papers 2103.04464, arXiv.org.
    6. Crossin, Enda & Doherty, Peter J.B., 2016. "The effect of charging time on the comparative environmental performance of different vehicle types," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 716-726.
    7. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martínez-Boggio, Santiago & Rückert Roso, Vinícius & Duarte Souza Alvarenga Santos, Nathália, 2020. "Potential of bio-ethanol in different advanced combustion modes for hybrid passenger vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 58-77.
    8. Li, Bo & Li, Xu & Su, Qingyu, 2022. "A system and game strategy for the isolated island electric-gas deeply coupled energy network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    9. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Tripathi, Shashwat, 2022. "Pathways to achieve future CO2 emission reduction targets for bus transit networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    10. Li, Mengyu & Zhang, Xiongwen & Li, Guojun, 2016. "A comparative assessment of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles using a well-to-wheel analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 693-704.
    11. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Martinez-Boggio, Santiago, 2022. "Energy assessment of an electrically heated catalyst in a hybrid RCCI truck," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    12. Conlon, Terence & Waite, Michael & Wu, Yuezi & Modi, Vijay, 2022. "Assessing trade-offs among electrification and grid decarbonization in a clean energy transition: Application to New York State," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    13. Felipe Gonzalez & Marc Petit & Yannick Perez, 2021. "Plug-in behavior of electric vehicles users: Insights from a large-scale trial and impacts for grid integration studies," Post-Print hal-03363782, HAL.
    14. ., 2004. "Building electricity systems," Chapters, in: Electricity Reform in China, India and Russia, chapter 3, pages 50-84, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    15. Buberger, Johannes & Kersten, Anton & Kuder, Manuel & Eckerle, Richard & Weyh, Thomas & Thiringer, Torbjörn, 2022. "Total CO2-equivalent life-cycle emissions from commercially available passenger cars," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    16. Correa, G. & Muñoz, P. & Falaguerra, T. & Rodriguez, C.R., 2017. "Performance comparison of conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 537-549.
    17. Ma, Hongrui & Balthasar, Felix & Tait, Nigel & Riera-Palou, Xavier & Harrison, Andrew, 2012. "A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 160-173.
    18. Song, Jeonghun & Oh, Si-Doek & Yoo, Yungpil & Seo, Seok-Ho & Paek, Insu & Song, Yuan & Song, Seung Jin, 2018. "System design and policy suggestion for reducing electricity curtailment in renewable power systems for remote islands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 195-208.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kolahchian Tabrizi, Mehrshad & Bonalumi, Davide & Lozza, Giovanni Gustavo, 2024. "Analyzing the global warming potential of the production and utilization of lithium-ion batteries with nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode chemistries in European Gigafactories," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    2. Chen, Quanwei & Lai, Xin & Chen, Junjie & Huang, Yunfeng & Guo, Yi & Wang, Yanan & Han, Xuebing & Lu, Languang & Sun, Yuedong & Ouyang, Minggao & Zheng, Yuejiu, 2024. "A critical comparison of LCA calculation models for the power lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles during use-phase," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    3. Yuan, Hong & Ma, Minda & Zhou, Nan & Xie, Hui & Ma, Zhili & Xiang, Xiwang & Ma, Xin, 2024. "Battery electric vehicle charging in China: Energy demand and emissions trends in the 2020s," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    4. Dominika Siwiec & Andrzej Pacana, 2024. "Decision-Making Model Supporting Eco-Innovation in Energy Production Based on Quality, Cost and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-26, August.
    5. Dominika Siwiec & Andrzej Pacana, 2024. "Eco-Innovation Method for Sustainable Development of Energy-Producing Products Considering Quality and Life Cycle Assessment (QLCA)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-22, August.
    6. Santiago Martinez-Boggio & Javier Monsalve-Serrano & Antonio García & Pedro Curto-Risso, 2023. "High Degree of Electrification in Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-20, April.
    7. Zhang, Rui & Yu, Jilai, 2024. "Evaluating multi-dimensional response capability of electric bus considering carbon emissions and traffic index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nenming Wang & Guwen Tang, 2022. "A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-35, March.
    2. Kolahchian Tabrizi, Mehrshad & Bonalumi, Davide & Lozza, Giovanni Gustavo, 2024. "Analyzing the global warming potential of the production and utilization of lithium-ion batteries with nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode chemistries in European Gigafactories," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    3. Correa, G. & Muñoz, P.M. & Rodriguez, C.R., 2019. "A comparative energy and environmental analysis of a diesel, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    4. Hensher, David A., 2021. "The case for negotiated contracts under the transition to a green bus fleet," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 255-269.
    5. Petrucci, Andrea & Ayevide, Follivi Kloutse & Buonomano, Annamaria & Athienitis, Andreas, 2023. "Development of energy aggregators for virtual communities: The energy efficiency-flexibility nexus for demand response," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    6. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    7. Dennis Dreier & Semida Silveira & Dilip Khatiwada & Keiko V. O. Fonseca & Rafael Nieweglowski & Renan Schepanski, 2019. "The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil," Transportation, Springer, vol. 46(6), pages 2195-2242, December.
    8. Lee, Dong-Yeon & Elgowainy, Amgad & Vijayagopal, Ram, 2019. "Well-to-wheel environmental implications of fuel economy targets for hydrogen fuel cell electric buses in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 565-583.
    9. Ruffini, Eleonora & Wei, Max, 2018. "Future costs of fuel cell electric vehicles in California using a learning rate approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 329-341.
    10. Rocco, Matteo V. & Casalegno, Andrea & Colombo, Emanuela, 2018. "Modelling road transport technologies in future scenarios: Theoretical comparison and application of Well-to-Wheels and Input-Output analyses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 583-597.
    11. Li, Chengjiang & Jia, Tingwen & Wang, Honglei & Wang, Xiaolin & Negnevitsky, Michael & Hu, Yu-jie & Zhao, Gang & Wang, Liang, 2023. "Assessing the prospect of deploying green methanol vehicles in China from energy, environmental and economic perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    12. Adam Dominiak & Artur Rusowicz, 2022. "Change of Fossil-Fuel-Related Carbon Productivity Index of the Main Manufacturing Sectors in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-14, September.
    13. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    14. Eckert, Jony Javorski & Silva, Fabrício L. & da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Bueno, André Valente & de Oliveira, Mona Lisa Moura & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Optimal design and power management control of hybrid biofuel–electric powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    15. Stephany Isabel Vallarta-Serrano & Ana Bricia Galindo-Muro & Riccardo Cespi & Rogelio Bustamante-Bello, 2023. "Analysis of GHG Emission from Cargo Vehicles in Megacities: The Case of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-19, June.
    16. Onat, Nuri Cihat & Kucukvar, Murat & Tatari, Omer, 2015. "Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 36-49.
    17. Tinta, Abdoulganiour Almame, 2023. "Energy substitution in Africa: Cross-regional differentiation effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    18. José M. Cansino & Antonio Sánchez-Braza & Teresa Sanz-Díaz, 2018. "Policy Instruments to Promote Electro-Mobility in the EU28: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-27, July.
    19. Charlotte Stead & Zia Wadud & Chris Nash & Hu Li, 2019. "Introduction of Biodiesel to Rail Transport: Lessons from the Road Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, February.
    20. Byun, Hyunsuk & Shin, Jungwoo & Lee, Chul-Yong, 2018. "Using a discrete choice experiment to predict the penetration possibility of environmentally friendly vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 312-321.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:268:y:2023:i:c:s0360544223000853. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.