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Energy consumption and battery aging minimization using a Q-learning strategy for a battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle

Author

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  • Xu, Bin
  • Shi, Junzhe
  • Li, Sixu
  • Li, Huayi
  • Wang, Zhe

Abstract

Propulsion system electrification revolution has been undergoing in the automotive industry. The electrified propulsion system improves energy efficiency and reduces the dependence on fossil fuel. However, the batteries of electric vehicles experience degradation process during vehicle operation. Research considering both battery degradation and energy consumption in battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicles is still lacking. This study proposes a Q-learning-based strategy to minimize battery degradation and energy consumption. Besides Q-learning, two rule-based energy management methods are also proposed and optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. A vehicle propulsion system model is first presented, where the severity factor battery degradation model is considered and experimentally validated with the help of Genetic Algorithm. In the results analysis, Q-learning is first explained with the optimal policy map after learning. Then, the result from a vehicle without ultracapacitor is used as the baseline, which is compared with the results from the vehicle with ultracapacitor using Q-learning, and two rule-based methods as the energy management strategies. At the learning and validation driving cycles, the results indicate that the Q-learning strategy slows down the battery degradation by 13–20% and increases the vehicle range by 1.5–2% compared with the baseline vehicle without ultracapacitor.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Bin & Shi, Junzhe & Li, Sixu & Li, Huayi & Wang, Zhe, 2021. "Energy consumption and battery aging minimization using a Q-learning strategy for a battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:229:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221009531
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120705
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Mokesioluwa Fanoro & Mladen Božanić & Saurabh Sinha, 2022. "A Review of the Impact of Battery Degradation on Energy Management Systems with a Special Emphasis on Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-29, August.
    3. Ye, Yiming & Wang, Hanchen & Xu, Bin & Zhang, Jiangfeng, 2023. "An imitation learning-based energy management strategy for electric vehicles considering battery aging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    4. Liu, Qin & Zhang, Wencan & Zhang, Zhongbo & Qin, Qichao, 2022. "A drive system global control strategy for electric vehicle based on optimized acceleration curve," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    5. Caulfield, Brian & Furszyfer, Dylan & Stefaniec, Agnieszka & Foley, Aoife, 2022. "Measuring the equity impacts of government subsidies for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    6. Harri Aaltonen & Seppo Sierla & Rakshith Subramanya & Valeriy Vyatkin, 2021. "A Simulation Environment for Training a Reinforcement Learning Agent Trading a Battery Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-20, September.
    7. Du, Guodong & Zou, Yuan & Zhang, Xudong & Guo, Lingxiong & Guo, Ningyuan, 2022. "Energy management for a hybrid electric vehicle based on prioritized deep reinforcement learning framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    8. Andrea Di Martino & Seyed Mahdi Miraftabzadeh & Michela Longo, 2022. "Strategies for the Modelisation of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    9. Miranda, Matheus H.R. & Silva, Fabrício L. & Lourenço, Maria A.M. & Eckert, Jony J. & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2023. "Particle swarm optimization of Elman neural network applied to battery state of charge and state of health estimation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    10. Bo, Lin & Han, Lijin & Xiang, Changle & Liu, Hui & Ma, Tian, 2022. "A Q-learning fuzzy inference system based online energy management strategy for off-road hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    11. P., Naresh & N., Sai Vinay Kishore & V., Seshadri Sravan Kumar, 2024. "A new configuration for enhanced integration of a battery–ultracapacitor system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    12. Guo, Xiaokai & Yan, Xianguo & Chen, Zhi & Meng, Zhiyu, 2022. "Research on energy management strategy of heavy-duty fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on dueling-double-deep Q-network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).

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