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System-level experimental investigations of the direct immersion cooling data center units with thermodynamic and thermoeconomic assessments

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  • Kanbur, Baris Burak
  • Wu, Chenlong
  • Fan, Simiao
  • Duan, Fei

Abstract

The study is to perform thermodynamic, economic and thermoeconomic assessments for two different direct immersion cooling data center systems which are the single-phase and the two-phase immersion cooling systems with the operating ranges of 3.2–27.6 kW and 6.8–15.9 kW, respectively. The two-phase cooling system achieves 72–79% better coefficient of performance trends than the single-phase cooling system. According to the present worth method, the replacement and the energy costs are found as the most dominant future cost terms for the two-phase and the single-phase cooling systems, respectively. The annual exergy cost of the two-phase cooling system is found up to 4.91 times the annual energy costs due to the dominant effects of the destruction and loss terms. Moreover, both cooling data center systems are compared to the existing air-cooled data center unit. They are found economically infeasible for the server power rates below 5 kW because of their higher capital investment costs while they become more affordable for higher server power rates with lower future cost terms.

Suggested Citation

  • Kanbur, Baris Burak & Wu, Chenlong & Fan, Simiao & Duan, Fei, 2021. "System-level experimental investigations of the direct immersion cooling data center units with thermodynamic and thermoeconomic assessments," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:217:y:2021:i:c:s0360544220324804
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119373
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    Cited by:

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    2. Zhou, Jing & Kanbur, Baris Burak & Le, Duc Van & Tan, Rui & Duan, Fei, 2023. "Multi-criteria assessments of increasing supply air temperature in tropical data center," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    3. Yadav, Sandeep & Seethamraju, Srinivas & Banerjee, Rangan, 2023. "Cold energy recovery from liquefied natural gas regasification process for data centre cooling and power generation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    4. Liu, Pengfei & Kandasamy, Ranjith & Ho, Jin Yao & Wong, Teck Neng & Toh, Kok Chuan, 2023. "Dynamic performance analysis and thermal modelling of a novel two-phase spray cooled rack system for data center cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    5. He, Wei & Ding, Su & Zhang, Jifang & Pei, Chenchen & Zhang, Zhiheng & Wang, Yulin & Li, Hailong, 2021. "Performance optimization of server water cooling system based on minimum energy consumption analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    6. Liu, Qian & Sun, Chen & Zhang, Jingshu & Shi, Qianlei & Li, Kaixuan & Yu, Boxu & Xu, Chao & Ju, Xing, 2023. "The electro-thermal equalization behaviors of battery modules with immersion cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    7. Huang, Chu & Zhu, Haixi & Ma, Yinjie & E, Jiaqiang, 2023. "Evaluation of lithium battery immersion thermal management using a novel pentaerythritol ester coolant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    8. Wang, Xinyue & Liu, Yang & Tian, Tong & Li, Ji, 2022. "Directly air-cooled compact looped heat pipe module for high power servers with extremely low power usage effectiveness," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    9. Mohammad Faisal Khan & Asif Pervez & Umar Muhammad Modibbo & Jahangir Chauhan & Irfan Ali, 2021. "Flexible Fuzzy Goal Programming Approach in Optimal Mix of Power Generation for Socio-Economic Sustainability: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-27, July.

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