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Stochastic model predictive control for energy management of power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on reinforcement learning

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  • Chen, Zheng
  • Hu, Hengjie
  • Wu, Yitao
  • Zhang, Yuanjian
  • Li, Guang
  • Liu, Yonggang

Abstract

In this paper, a stochastic model predictive control (MPC) method based on reinforcement learning is proposed for energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Firstly, the power transfer of each component in a power-split PHEV is described in detail. Then an effective and convergent reinforcement learning controller is trained by the Q-learning algorithm according to the driving power distribution under multiple driving cycles. By constructing a multi-step Markov velocity prediction model, the reinforcement learning controller is embedded into the stochastic MPC controller to determine the optimal battery power in predicted time domain. Numerical simulation results verify that the proposed method achieves superior fuel economy that is close to that by stochastic dynamic programming method. In addition, the effective state of charge tracking in terms of different reference trajectories highlight that the proposed method is effective for online application requiring a fast calculation speed.

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  • Chen, Zheng & Hu, Hengjie & Wu, Yitao & Zhang, Yuanjian & Li, Guang & Liu, Yonggang, 2020. "Stochastic model predictive control for energy management of power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:211:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220320387
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118931
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    Cited by:

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    4. Yang, Dongpo & Liu, Tong & Song, Dafeng & Zhang, Xuanming & Zeng, Xiaohua, 2023. "A real time multi-objective optimization Guided-MPC strategy for power-split hybrid electric bus based on velocity prediction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    5. Yaqian Wang & Xiaohong Jiao, 2022. "Dual Heuristic Dynamic Programming Based Energy Management Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Zhou, Jianhao & Xue, Yuan & Xu, Da & Li, Chaoxiong & Zhao, Wanzhong, 2022. "Self-learning energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle via curiosity-inspired asynchronous deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    7. Marouane Adnane & Ahmed Khoumsi & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Efficient Management of Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning—A Systematic and Comprehensive Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-39, June.
    8. Daniel Egan & Qilun Zhu & Robert Prucka, 2023. "A Review of Reinforcement Learning-Based Powertrain Controllers: Effects of Agent Selection for Mixed-Continuity Control and Reward Formulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-31, April.
    9. Tang, Wenbin & Wang, Yaqian & Jiao, Xiaohong & Ren, Lina, 2023. "Hierarchical energy management strategy based on adaptive dynamic programming for hybrid electric vehicles in car-following scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    10. Chen, Zheng & Gu, Hongji & Shen, Shiquan & Shen, Jiangwei, 2022. "Energy management strategy for power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on MPC and double Q-learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    11. Biswas, Dhrupad & Ghosh, Susenjit & Sengupta, Somnath & Mukhopadhyay, Siddhartha, 2022. "Energy Management of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Model Predictive Static Programming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    12. Khalil Bachiri & Ali Yahyaouy & Hamid Gualous & Maria Malek & Younes Bennani & Philippe Makany & Nicoleta Rogovschi, 2023. "Multi-Agent DDPG Based Electric Vehicles Charging Station Recommendation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-17, August.
    13. Lin, Xinyou & Wu, Jiayun & Wei, Yimin, 2021. "An ensemble learning velocity prediction-based energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle considering driving pattern adaptive reference SOC," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    14. Cui, Wei & Cui, Naxin & Li, Tao & Cui, Zhongrui & Du, Yi & Zhang, Chenghui, 2022. "An efficient multi-objective hierarchical energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in connected scenario," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    15. Zhang, Li & Gao, Yan & Zhu, Hongbo & Tao, Li, 2022. "Bi-level stochastic real-time pricing model in multi-energy generation system: A reinforcement learning approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    16. Wei, Changyin & Chen, Yong & Li, Xiaoyu & Lin, Xiaozhe, 2022. "Integrating intelligent driving pattern recognition with adaptive energy management strategy for extender range electric logistics vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    17. Lin Li & Serdar Coskun & Jiaze Wang & Youming Fan & Fengqi Zhang & Reza Langari, 2021. "Velocity Prediction Based on Vehicle Lateral Risk Assessment and Traffic Flow: A Brief Review and Application Examples," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    18. Zheng, Lingwei & Wu, Hao & Guo, Siqi & Sun, Xinyu, 2023. "Real-time dispatch of an integrated energy system based on multi-stage reinforcement learning with an improved action-choosing strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    19. Kong, Yan & Xu, Nan & Liu, Qiao & Sui, Yan & Yue, Fenglai, 2023. "A data-driven energy management method for parallel PHEVs based on action dependent heuristic dynamic programming (ADHDP) model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    20. Chen, Zheng & Wu, Simin & Shen, Shiquan & Liu, Yonggang & Guo, Fengxiang & Zhang, Yuanjian, 2023. "Co-optimization of velocity planning and energy management for autonomous plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in urban driving scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PF).
    21. Vo-Van Thanh & Wencong Su & Bin Wang, 2022. "Optimal DC Microgrid Operation with Model Predictive Control-Based Voltage-Dependent Demand Response and Optimal Battery Dispatch," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-19, March.
    22. Zhang, Yuanjian & Liu, Yonggang & Huang, Yanjun & Chen, Zheng & Li, Guang & Hao, Wanming & Cunningham, Geoff & Early, Juliana, 2021. "An optimal control strategy design for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on internet of vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).

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