IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v342y2023ics0306261923005676.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of multi-speed transmission for electric vehicles based on electrical and mechanical efficiency analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Kwon, Kihan
  • Lee, Jung-Hwan
  • Lim, Sang-Kil

Abstract

Multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles (EVs) can better improve EV efficiency and performance in comparison with conventional single-speed transmissions. To achieve a superior multi-speed transmission design, gear ratios and shifting patterns should be optimized by considering the electrical and mechanical efficiencies. Because most powertrain losses occur in the inverter, motor, and transmission, loss analysis was conducted according to the characteristics of each component. To confirm the effects of these component efficiencies on EVs, an EV efficiency analysis was performed based on three cases of powertrain efficiency by considering the variable efficiency of each component combination: i) motor only, ii) motor and transmission, and iii) inverter, motor, and transmission. An optimization problem was formulated by adopting design variables, such as gear ratios and shifting patterns, and the objectives of energy consumption and acceleration ability. An artificial neural network (ANN)-based multi-objective optimization process was proposed as an alternative to the excessive effort for calculation in the optimization process. To verify the importance of considering the efficiency of various powertrain components, transmission optimization was performed for the variable efficiency of each component combination. When comparing the highest efficiency solutions of the cases considering only part of component efficiency with the case considering all components, the energy consumption and acceleration ability of the latter case were found to be superior by approximately 1.7% and 5.1%, respectively. Furthermore, since the computational time for the EV and ANN models required approximately nine months and one day, respectively, this result demonstrates the effectiveness of the ANN-based multi-objective optimization process.

Suggested Citation

  • Kwon, Kihan & Lee, Jung-Hwan & Lim, Sang-Kil, 2023. "Optimization of multi-speed transmission for electric vehicles based on electrical and mechanical efficiency analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:342:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923005676
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121203
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923005676
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121203?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yang, Yang & He, Qiang & Fu, Chunyun & Liao, Shuiping & Tan, Peng, 2020. "Efficiency improvement of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    2. Kim, Dong-Min & Lee, Soo-Gyung & Kim, Dae-Kee & Park, Min-Ro & Lim, Myung-Seop, 2022. "Sizing and optimization process of hybrid electric propulsion system for heavy-duty vehicle based on Gaussian process modeling considering traction motor characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    3. Lin, Cheng & Zhao, Mingjie & Pan, Hong & Yi, Jiang, 2019. "Blending gear shift strategy design and comparison study for a battery electric city bus with AMT," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1-14.
    4. Kwon, Kihan & Seo, Minsik & Min, Seungjae, 2020. "Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    5. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    6. Senqi Tan & Jue Yang & Xinxin Zhao & Tingting Hai & Wenming Zhang, 2018. "Gear Ratio Optimization of a Multi-Speed Transmission for Electric Dump Truck Operating on the Structure Route," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-17, May.
    7. Antti Ritari & Jari Vepsäläinen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi & Heikki Laitinen, 2020. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    8. Förster, Robert & Kaiser, Matthias & Wenninger, Simon, 2023. "Future vehicle energy supply - sustainable design and operation of hybrid hydrogen and electric microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    9. Fan, Likang & Wang, Yufei & Wei, Hongqian & Zhang, Youtong & Zheng, Pengyu & Huang, Tianyi & Li, Wei, 2022. "A GA-based online real-time optimized energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    10. Cha, Kyoung-Soo & Kim, Dong-Min & Jung, Young-Hoon & Lim, Myung-Seop, 2020. "Wound field synchronous motor with hybrid circuit for neighborhood electric vehicle traction improving fuel economy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    11. Wei Zhang & Jue Yang & Wenming Zhang, 2022. "Influence of a New Type of Two-Speed Planetary Gear Automatic Transmission on the Performance of Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, June.
    12. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2020. "Gear Ratio Optimization along with a Novel Gearshift Scheduling Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-24, September.
    13. Polychronis Spanoudakis & Nikolaos C. Tsourveloudis & Lefteris Doitsidis & Emmanuel S. Karapidakis, 2019. "Experimental Research of Transmissions on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-15, January.
    14. Peng Wu & Penghui Qiang & Tao Pan & Huaiquan Zang, 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Gear Ratios of a Seamless Three-Speed Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles Considering Shift Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-27, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Olivian Chiver & Ioan Radu Sugar & Liviu Neamt, 2024. "Study on the Selection of Electric Motor/Engine on the Performance of Hybrid Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-14, July.
    2. Kim, Dong-Min & Chin, Jun-Woo & Kim, Jae-Hyun & Lim, Myung-Seop, 2023. "Analytical temperature estimation process of the air supply system of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack in fuel cell electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    3. Zhichao Zhao & Lu Li & Yang Ou & Yi Wang & Shaoyang Wang & Jing Yu & Renhua Feng, 2023. "A Comparative Study on the Energy Flow of Electric Vehicle Batteries among Different Environmental Temperatures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-15, July.
    4. Wang, Shaohua & Zhang, Kaimei & Shi, Dehua & Li, Meng & Yin, Chunfang, 2024. "Research on economical shifting strategy for multi-gear and multi-mode parallel plug-in HEV based on DIRECT algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2023. "Evaluation of a Three-Parameter Gearshift Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-28, March.
    2. Gao, Bingzhao & Meng, Dele & Shi, Wentong & Cai, Wenqi & Dong, Shiying & Zhang, Yuanjian & Chen, Hong, 2022. "Topology optimization and the evolution trends of two-speed transmission of EVs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    3. Peng Wu & Penghui Qiang & Tao Pan & Huaiquan Zang, 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Gear Ratios of a Seamless Three-Speed Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles Considering Shift Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-27, June.
    4. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    5. Selvin Raj, Jaya Antony Perinba & Asirvatham, Lazarus Godson & Angeline, Appadurai Anitha & Manova, Stephen & Rakshith, Bairi Levi & Bose, Jefferson Raja & Mahian, Omid & Wongwises, Somchai, 2024. "Thermal management strategies and power ratings of electric vehicle motors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    6. Kwon, Kihan & Seo, Minsik & Min, Seungjae, 2020. "Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    7. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2020. "Gear Ratio Optimization along with a Novel Gearshift Scheduling Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-24, September.
    8. Huang, Xiaohui & Huang, Qi & Cao, Huajun & Yan, Wanbin & Cao, Le & Zhang, Qiongzhi, 2023. "Optimal design for improving operation performance of electric construction machinery collaborative system: Method and application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    9. Hong, Xianqian & Wu, Jinglai & Zhang, Nong & Wang, Bing, 2022. "Energy efficiency optimization of Simpson planetary gearset based dual-motor powertrains for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    10. Milla Vehviläinen & Pekka Rahkola & Janne Keränen & Jenni Pippuri-Mäkeläinen & Marko Paakkinen & Jukka Pellinen & Kari Tammi & Anouar Belahcen, 2022. "Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    11. Bolin He & Yong Chen & Qiang Wei & Cong Wang & Changyin Wei & Xiaoyu Li, 2023. "Performance Comparison of Pure Electric Vehicles with Two-Speed Transmission and Adaptive Gear Shifting Strategy Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-21, March.
    12. Karol Bagiński & Wojciech Credo & Jakub Wierciak & Sergiusz Łuczak, 2022. "Method of Reduction in Energy Consumption by the Drive Systems of a Mobile Device with a Controlled Gear Ratio," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-20, April.
    13. Ju, Fei & Du, Wei & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Bingbing & Wang, Tao & Wang, Weiwei & Ma, Huijie, 2024. "Profit-effective component sizing for electric delivery trucks with dual motor coupling powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    14. He, Qiang & Yang, Yang & Luo, Chang & Zhai, Jun & Luo, Ronghua & Fu, Chunyun, 2022. "Energy recovery strategy optimization of dual-motor drive electric vehicle based on braking safety and efficient recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    15. Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    16. Eckert, Jony Javorski & Silva, Fabrício L. & da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Bueno, André Valente & de Oliveira, Mona Lisa Moura & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Optimal design and power management control of hybrid biofuel–electric powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    17. Louback, Eduardo & Biswas, Atriya & Machado, Fabricio & Emadi, Ali, 2024. "A review of the design process of energy management systems for dual-motor battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    18. Jiang, Yue & Meng, Hao & Chen, Guanpeng & Yang, Congnan & Xu, Xiaojun & Zhang, Lei & Xu, Haijun, 2022. "Differential-steering based path tracking control and energy-saving torque distribution strategy of 6WID unmanned ground vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    19. Miranda, Matheus H.R. & Silva, Fabrício L. & Lourenço, Maria A.M. & Eckert, Jony J. & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Vehicle drivetrain and fuzzy controller optimization using a planar dynamics simulation based on a real-world driving cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    20. Guo, Ningyuan & Zhang, Wencan & Li, Junqiu & Chen, Zheng & Li, Jianwei & Sun, Chao, 2024. "Predictive energy management of fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A co-state boundaries-oriented PMP optimization approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:342:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923005676. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.