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Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system

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  • Kwon, Kihan
  • Seo, Minsik
  • Min, Seungjae

Abstract

In an electric vehicle (EV), a two-motor and two-speed powertrain system is superior to other powertrain systems in terms of the driving requirements, achieving an excellent dynamic performance and energy efficiency. Because the most important design specifications for a two-motor and two-speed powertrain are the motor torque distribution between the two motors, and the first and second gear ratios, these specifications should be optimized to improve both performance and efficiency as much as possible. To analyze such requirements, an EV model, including two-motor and two-speed powertrain system, was constructed. The acceleration time and energy consumption were employed as the evaluation criteria for the quantification of performance and efficiency, respectively, and the analysis results when changing the gear ratios and the torque distribution, show that these specifications significantly influence on the performance and efficiency. Therefore, an optimization of gear ratios and torque distribution is essential for achieving a superior powertrain system of an EV. Because of the trade-off relationship between the performance and efficiency, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to minimize the acceleration time and energy consumption. To decrease the excessive computational effort during a multi-objective optimization process, efficient surrogate models of each objective function were developed using an artificial neural network and an adaptive sampling method. The surrogate model-based optimization was performed, and the optimization results show a Pareto front that provides a variety of optimal solutions between the objective functions, as well as the validity of the surrogate model-based multi-objective optimization.

Suggested Citation

  • Kwon, Kihan & Seo, Minsik & Min, Seungjae, 2020. "Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:259:y:2020:i:c:s030626191931877x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114190
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    3. Kwon, Kihan & Lee, Jung-Hwan & Lim, Sang-Kil, 2023. "Optimization of multi-speed transmission for electric vehicles based on electrical and mechanical efficiency analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    4. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2023. "Evaluation of a Three-Parameter Gearshift Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-28, March.
    5. Lin, Xinyou & Li, Yalong & Zhang, Guangji, 2022. "Bi-objective optimization strategy of energy consumption and shift shock based driving cycle-aware bias coefficients for a novel dual-motor electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    6. Louback, Eduardo & Biswas, Atriya & Machado, Fabricio & Emadi, Ali, 2024. "A review of the design process of energy management systems for dual-motor battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    7. Chi T. P. Nguyen & Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & Minh C. Ta & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Dual-Motor Dual-Source High Performance EV: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
    8. Liao, Peng & Tang, Tie-Qiao & Liu, Ronghui & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2021. "An eco-driving strategy for electric vehicle based on the powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    9. Gao, Bingzhao & Meng, Dele & Shi, Wentong & Cai, Wenqi & Dong, Shiying & Zhang, Yuanjian & Chen, Hong, 2022. "Topology optimization and the evolution trends of two-speed transmission of EVs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    10. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls, 2021. "Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-33, March.
    11. Peng Wu & Penghui Qiang & Tao Pan & Huaiquan Zang, 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Gear Ratios of a Seamless Three-Speed Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles Considering Shift Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-27, June.
    12. Xiaotao Fei & Yunwu Han & Shaw Voon Wong & Muhammad Amin Azman & Wenlong Shen, 2024. "Design and Testing of Innovative Type of Dual-Motor Drive Electric Wheel Loader," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-28, March.
    13. Jiang, Yue & Meng, Hao & Chen, Guanpeng & Yang, Congnan & Xu, Xiaojun & Zhang, Lei & Xu, Haijun, 2022. "Differential-steering based path tracking control and energy-saving torque distribution strategy of 6WID unmanned ground vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    14. Ju, Fei & Du, Wei & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Bingbing & Wang, Tao & Wang, Weiwei & Ma, Huijie, 2024. "Profit-effective component sizing for electric delivery trucks with dual motor coupling powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    15. Miranda, Matheus H.R. & Silva, Fabrício L. & Lourenço, Maria A.M. & Eckert, Jony J. & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Vehicle drivetrain and fuzzy controller optimization using a planar dynamics simulation based on a real-world driving cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    16. Zhou, Xingyu & Sun, Chao & Sun, Fengchun & Zhang, Chuntao, 2023. "Commuting-pattern-oriented stochastic optimization of electric powertrains for revealing contributions of topology modifications to the powertrain energy efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    17. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).

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