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Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency

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  • Kwon, Kihan
  • Jo, Junhyeong
  • Min, Seungjae

Abstract

In the development of electric vehicles, multi-speed transmissions have become an alternative to conventional single-speed transmissions. The superior design of multi-speed transmissions requires simultaneous optimization of the gear ratios and shifting patterns. The transmission efficiency of multi-speed structures is inevitably lower than that of single-speed structures; this disadvantage should be considered in the design optimization for multi-speed transmissions. Typically, the transmission efficiency varies depending on the torque, speed, and drive gear, and it has a direct effect on the optimal transmission design. Based on the variable transmission efficiency analysis, the design objectives representing energy efficiency and dynamic performance were defined as the quantified functions. To consider the trade-off between these two objectives, a multi-objective optimization process was implemented, and the surrogate models were utilized for effective optimization. To verify the importance of a variable transmission efficiency, the gear ratios and shifting patterns were optimized by considering a variable and constant transmission efficiencies. The comparison of optimal design solutions and objective-function values clearly highlights the necessity of considering a variable transmission efficiency, and the energy efficiency and dynamic performance could be improved to maximums of 12.1% and 10.7%, respectively, compared to those of the electric vehicle with a single-speed transmission.

Suggested Citation

  • Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:236:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221016674
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121419
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    4. Peng Wu & Penghui Qiang & Tao Pan & Huaiquan Zang, 2022. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Gear Ratios of a Seamless Three-Speed Automated Manual Transmission for Electric Vehicles Considering Shift Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-27, June.
    5. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2023. "Evaluation of a Three-Parameter Gearshift Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-28, March.
    6. Gobbi, Massimiliano & Sattar, Aqeab & Palazzetti, Roberto & Mastinu, Gianpiero, 2024. "Traction motors for electric vehicles: Maximization of mechanical efficiency – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    7. Gao, Bingzhao & Meng, Dele & Shi, Wentong & Cai, Wenqi & Dong, Shiying & Zhang, Yuanjian & Chen, Hong, 2022. "Topology optimization and the evolution trends of two-speed transmission of EVs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    8. Huang, Xiaohui & Huang, Qi & Cao, Huajun & Yan, Wanbin & Cao, Le & Zhang, Qiongzhi, 2023. "Optimal design for improving operation performance of electric construction machinery collaborative system: Method and application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).

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