IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i13p3328-d378263.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Stefano De Pinto

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
    Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Pablo Camocardi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Christoforos Chatzikomis

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Aldo Sorniotti

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Francesco Bottiglione

    (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Giacomo Mantriota

    (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Pietro Perlo

    (Interactive Fully Electrical VehicleS (IFEVS), 10040 La Loggia, Torino, Italy)

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:13:p:3328-:d:378263
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/13/3328/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/13/3328/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fiori, Chiara & Ahn, Kyoungho & Rakha, Hesham A., 2016. "Power-based electric vehicle energy consumption model: Model development and validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 257-268.
    2. Kwon, Kihan & Seo, Minsik & Min, Seungjae, 2020. "Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    3. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 119-134.
    4. Francesco Bottiglione & Stefano De Pinto & Giacomo Mantriota & Aldo Sorniotti, 2014. "Energy Consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle with Infinitely Variable Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-21, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ting Yang & Takahiro Kawaguchi & Seiji Hashimoto & Wei Jiang, 2020. "Switching Sequence Model Predictive Direct Torque Control of IPMSMs for EVs in Switch Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerant Mode," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-15, October.
    2. João Pedro F. Trovão & Minh Cao Ta, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Efficient Power and Propulsion Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-4, May.
    3. Piotr Szewczyk & Andrzej Łebkowski, 2021. "Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-28, November.
    4. Mitsuhide Sato & Keigo Takazawa & Manabu Horiuchi & Ryoken Masuda & Ryo Yoshida & Masami Nirei & Yinggang Bu & Tsutomu Mizuno, 2020. "Reducing Rotor Temperature Rise in Concentrated Winding Motor by Using Magnetic Powder Mixed Resin Ring," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Pedram Asef & Ramon Bargallo & Andrew Lapthorn & Davide Tavernini & Lingyun Shao & Aldo Sorniotti, 2021. "Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-22, March.
    6. Shilei Zhou & Paul Walker & Yang Tian & Cong Thanh Nguyen & Nong Zhang, 2021. "Comparison on Energy Economy and Vibration Characteristics of Electric and Hydraulic in-Wheel Drive Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    7. Gobbi, Massimiliano & Sattar, Aqeab & Palazzetti, Roberto & Mastinu, Gianpiero, 2024. "Traction motors for electric vehicles: Maximization of mechanical efficiency – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    8. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul D. & Watterson, Peter A. & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "The dynamic performance and economic benefit of a blended braking system in a multi-speed battery electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1240-1258.
    2. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2023. "Evaluation of a Three-Parameter Gearshift Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-28, March.
    3. Andrea Di Martino & Seyed Mahdi Miraftabzadeh & Michela Longo, 2022. "Strategies for the Modelisation of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Antti Ritari & Jari Vepsäläinen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi & Heikki Laitinen, 2020. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    5. Chi T. P. Nguyen & Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & Minh C. Ta & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Dual-Motor Dual-Source High Performance EV: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
    6. Zhang, Yuxin & Chen, Hong & Guo, Konghui & Zhang, Xinjie & Eben Li, Shengbo, 2017. "Electro-hydraulic damper for energy harvesting suspension: Modeling, prototyping and experimental validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1-12.
    7. Hong, Xianqian & Wu, Jinglai & Zhang, Nong & Wang, Bing, 2022. "Energy efficiency optimization of Simpson planetary gearset based dual-motor powertrains for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    8. Lin, Xinyou & Li, Yalong & Zhang, Guangji, 2022. "Bi-objective optimization strategy of energy consumption and shift shock based driving cycle-aware bias coefficients for a novel dual-motor electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    9. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls, 2021. "Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-33, March.
    10. Hong, Jichao & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Tiezhu & Yin, Huaixian & Zhang, Hongxin & Huo, Wei & Zhang, Yi & Li, Yuanyuan, 2019. "Research on integration simulation and balance control of a novel load isolated pure electric driving system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    11. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul David & Zhang, Nong & Wu, Jinglai, 2017. "An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 291-306.
    12. Liao, Peng & Tang, Tie-Qiao & Liu, Ronghui & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2021. "An eco-driving strategy for electric vehicle based on the powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    13. Shilei Zhou & Paul Walker & Yang Tian & Cong Thanh Nguyen & Nong Zhang, 2021. "Comparison on Energy Economy and Vibration Characteristics of Electric and Hydraulic in-Wheel Drive Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    14. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    15. Xie, Yunkun & Li, Yangyang & Zhao, Zhichao & Dong, Hao & Wang, Shuqian & Liu, Jingping & Guan, Jinhuan & Duan, Xiongbo, 2020. "Microsimulation of electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    16. Yashraj Tripathy & Andrew McGordon & Anup Barai, 2020. "Improving Accessible Capacity Tracking at Low Ambient Temperatures for Range Estimation of Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-18, April.
    17. K. S. Reddy & S. Aravindhan & Tapas K. Mallick, 2017. "Techno-Economic Investigation of Solar Powered Electric Auto-Rickshaw for a Sustainable Transport System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-15, May.
    18. Nan, Sirui & Tu, Ran & Li, Tiezhu & Sun, Jian & Chen, Haibo, 2022. "From driving behavior to energy consumption: A novel method to predict the energy consumption of electric bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    19. Louback, Eduardo & Biswas, Atriya & Machado, Fabricio & Emadi, Ali, 2024. "A review of the design process of energy management systems for dual-motor battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    20. Huang, Hai-chao & He, Hong-di & Peng, Zhong-ren, 2024. "Urban-scale estimation model of carbon emissions for ride-hailing electric vehicles during operational phase," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:13:p:3328-:d:378263. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.