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Optimizing the charging protocol to address the self-discharge issues in rechargeable alkaline Zn-Co batteries

Author

Listed:
  • Shang, Wenxu
  • Yu, Wentao
  • Xiao, Xu
  • Ma, Yanyi
  • Chen, Ziqi
  • Ni, Meng
  • Tan, Peng

Abstract

Aqueous rechargeable Zn-Co batteries feature intrinsic safety and excellent electrochemical performance, and zinc metal is cheap with abundant reserves. However, a key issue, self-discharge, which may be fatal to the application, is always overlooked. Herein, the self-discharge performance is investigated systematically for the first time, and in-depth charge–discharge mechanisms are analyzed. Based on a free-standing Co3O4 electrode, the insufficient utilization of the active material is found under a conventional galvanostatic charging process. Additionally, a dramatic attenuation in the open-circuit voltage is exhibited during the delay, leading to poor capacity retention. Through electrochemical tests and ex-situ characterization, the limited capacity and the severe self-discharge behavior are ascribed to the low amount and poor stability of the high valence state, respectively. Aiming at suppressing the self-discharge behavior, a novel charging protocol is proposed based on a new mechanism, which uses a time-controlling potentiostatic charging after the galvanostatic charging process. Using this strategy, the discharge capacity increases effectively by about 31.8% from 220 to 290 mA h g−1, and the capacity retention ratio after 10 h delay lifts from 72% to 90%. More importantly, the discharge capacity remains 100% after even 2500 cycles. This work puts forward a practical method for the operation of Zn-Co batteries, addresses the limiting issues for application, and greatly facilitates the improvement of this technology. Further, the results also inspire the research of other rechargeable Zn-based batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Shang, Wenxu & Yu, Wentao & Xiao, Xu & Ma, Yanyi & Chen, Ziqi & Ni, Meng & Tan, Peng, 2022. "Optimizing the charging protocol to address the self-discharge issues in rechargeable alkaline Zn-Co batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:308:y:2022:i:c:s030626192101610x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118366
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