IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v285y2021ics0306261921000349.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization and sizing of a fuel cell range extender vehicle for passenger car applications in driving cycle conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Molina, S.
  • Novella, R.
  • Pla, B.
  • Lopez-Juarez, M.

Abstract

Aiming to reduce global warming and emissions in general, cleaner technologies are the spotlight of research and industry development. Among them, fuel cell vehicles (FCV) are gaining interest to decarbonize the transport sector. Plug-in FCV or FCV in range-extender configuration (FCREx) is an interesting option to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) and the energy usage per km. The aim of this study was to generate design spaces of FCREx by varying the FC stack maximum power output, the battery capacity, and the H2 tank capacity to understand the implications of this architecture in range, consumption, and cost (estimated with a WLTP driving cycle). Unlike other studies, the approach was focused on a novel architecture for passenger vehicles and was focused on the development of the validated FC system model and the energy management strategy (EMS) optimization for each design, based on the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). Consumption was found to decrease with increasing battery capacity and FC maximum power due to the higher efficiency of the systems. The design spaces showed how with 5 kg of H2 and ≥50 kWh of battery capacity the maximum range of FCREx could be over 700 km. The results of this study showed how FCREx architecture could provide overall energy consumption saving up to 6.8% and H2 consumption saving ranging from 16.8% to 25%, compared to current commercial FCVs. The optimum FCREx design, not only based on performance, should have ∼30 kWh of battery capacity and ≥80 kW of FC maximum power to minimize manufacturing costs while maximizing efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Molina, S. & Novella, R. & Pla, B. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2021. "Optimization and sizing of a fuel cell range extender vehicle for passenger car applications in driving cycle conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:285:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921000349
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116469
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921000349
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116469?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lane, Blake & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "A comparison of alternative vehicle fueling infrastructure scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    2. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Villalta, David & Lago Sari, Rafael & Gordillo Zavaleta, Victor & Gaillard, Patrick, 2019. "Potential of e-Fischer Tropsch diesel and oxymethyl-ether (OMEx) as fuels for the dual-mode dual-fuel concept," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Xu, Liangfei & Mueller, Clemens David & Li, Jianqiu & Ouyang, Minggao & Hu, Zunyan, 2015. "Multi-objective component sizing based on optimal energy management strategy of fuel cell electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 664-674.
    4. Kyuhyun Sim & Ram Vijayagopal & Namdoo Kim & Aymeric Rousseau, 2019. "Optimization of Component Sizing for a Fuel Cell-Powered Truck to Minimize Ownership Cost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Feng, Yanbiao & Dong, Zuomin, 2020. "Integrated design and control optimization of fuel cell hybrid mining truck with minimized lifecycle cost," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    6. Feroldi, Diego & Carignano, Mauro, 2016. "Sizing for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid vehicles based on stochastic driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 645-658.
    7. Xu, Liangfei & Ouyang, Minggao & Li, Jianqiu & Yang, Fuyuan & Lu, Languang & Hua, Jianfeng, 2013. "Optimal sizing of plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles using models of vehicle performance and system cost," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 477-487.
    8. Zhang, Hongtao & Li, Xianguo & Liu, Xinzhi & Yan, Jinyue, 2019. "Enhancing fuel cell durability for fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through strategic power management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 483-490.
    9. Sun, Zhendong & Wang, Yujie & Chen, Zonghai & Li, Xiyun, 2020. "Min-max game based energy management strategy for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ireneusz Pielecha & Andrzej Szałek & Grzegorz Tchorek, 2022. "Two Generations of Hydrogen Powertrain—An Analysis of the Operational Indicators in Real Driving Conditions (RDC)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-20, June.
    2. Desantes, J.M. & Novella, R. & Pla, B. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2022. "A modeling framework for predicting the effect of the operating conditions and component sizing on fuel cell degradation and performance for automotive applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    3. Novella, Ricardo & García, Antonio & Gomez-Soriano, Josep & Fogué-Robles, Álvaro, 2023. "Exploring dilution potential for full load operation of medium duty hydrogen engine for the transport sector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    4. Piras, M. & De Bellis, V. & Malfi, E. & Novella, R. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2024. "Hydrogen consumption and durability assessment of fuel cell vehicles in realistic driving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    5. Kim, Dong-Min & Lee, Soo-Gyung & Kim, Dae-Kee & Park, Min-Ro & Lim, Myung-Seop, 2022. "Sizing and optimization process of hybrid electric propulsion system for heavy-duty vehicle based on Gaussian process modeling considering traction motor characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    6. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe & Belingardi, Giovanni, 2022. "Fuel cell electrified propulsion systems for long-haul heavy-duty trucks: present and future cost-oriented sizing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    7. Lopez-Juarez, M. & Rockstroh, T. & Novella, R. & Vijayagopal, R., 2024. "A methodology to develop multi-physics dynamic fuel cell system models validated with vehicle realistic drive cycle data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    8. Iqbal, Mehroze & Becherif, Mohamed & Ramadan, Haitham S. & Badji, Abderrezak, 2021. "Dual-layer approach for systematic sizing and online energy management of fuel cell hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    9. Jia-Di Yang & Theo Suter & Jason Millichamp & Rhodri E. Owen & Wenjia Du & Paul R. Shearing & Dan J. L. Brett & James B. Robinson, 2024. "PEMFC Electrochemical Degradation Analysis of a Fuel Cell Range-Extender (FCREx) Heavy Goods Vehicle after a Break-In Period," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-21, June.
    10. Perez-Dávila, Oriana & Álvarez Fernández, Roberto, 2023. "Optimization algorithm applied to extended range fuel cell hybrid vehicles. Contribution to road transport decarbonization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    11. Desantes, J.M. & Novella, R. & Pla, B. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2021. "Impact of fuel cell range extender powertrain design on greenhouse gases and NOX emissions in automotive applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Desantes, J.M. & Novella, R. & Pla, B. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2021. "Impact of fuel cell range extender powertrain design on greenhouse gases and NOX emissions in automotive applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    2. Alessandro Serpi & Mario Porru, 2019. "Modelling and Design of Real-Time Energy Management Systems for Fuel Cell/Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-21, November.
    3. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe & Belingardi, Giovanni, 2022. "Fuel cell electrified propulsion systems for long-haul heavy-duty trucks: present and future cost-oriented sizing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    4. Desantes, J.M. & Novella, R. & Pla, B. & Lopez-Juarez, M., 2022. "A modeling framework for predicting the effect of the operating conditions and component sizing on fuel cell degradation and performance for automotive applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    5. İnci, Mustafa & Büyük, Mehmet & Demir, Mehmet Hakan & İlbey, Göktürk, 2021. "A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    6. Chen, Kui & Laghrouche, Salah & Djerdir, Abdesslem, 2019. "Degradation model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on a novel hybrid method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Huang, Yanjun & Wang, Hong & Khajepour, Amir & Li, Bin & Ji, Jie & Zhao, Kegang & Hu, Chuan, 2018. "A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 132-144.
    8. Lei, Fei & Bai, Yingchun & Zhu, Wenhao & Liu, Jinhong, 2019. "A novel approach for electric powertrain optimization considering vehicle power performance, energy consumption and ride comfort," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 1040-1050.
    9. Jiang, Hongliang & Xu, Liangfei & Li, Jianqiu & Hu, Zunyan & Ouyang, Minggao, 2019. "Energy management and component sizing for a fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid powertrain based on two-dimensional optimization algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 386-396.
    10. Xu, Liangfei & Fang, Chuan & Hu, Junming & Cheng, Siliang & Li, Jianqiu & Ouyang, Minggao & Lehnert, Werner, 2017. "Parameter extraction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on quasi-dynamic model and periphery signals," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 675-690.
    11. Xun, Qian & Murgovski, Nikolce & Liu, Yujing, 2022. "Chance-constrained robust co-design optimization for fuel cell hybrid electric trucks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    12. Li, Guidan & Yang, Zhe & Li, Bin & Bi, Huakun, 2019. "Power allocation smoothing strategy for hybrid energy storage system based on Markov decision process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 152-163.
    13. Kandidayeni, M. & Macias, A. & Boulon, L. & Kelouwani, S., 2020. "Investigating the impact of ageing and thermal management of a fuel cell system on energy management strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    14. Zhu, Jianyun & Chen, Li & Wang, Xuefeng & Yu, Long, 2020. "Bi-level optimal sizing and energy management of hybrid electric propulsion systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    15. Feroldi, Diego & Carignano, Mauro, 2016. "Sizing for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid vehicles based on stochastic driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 645-658.
    16. Ke, Bwo-Ren & Chung, Chen-Yuan & Chen, Yen-Chang, 2016. "Minimizing the costs of constructing an all plug-in electric bus transportation system: A case study in Penghu," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 649-660.
    17. Tribioli, Laura & Cozzolino, Raffaello & Chiappini, Daniele & Iora, Paolo, 2016. "Energy management of a plug-in fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle with on-board fuel processing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 140-154.
    18. Feng, Yanbiao & Dong, Zuomin, 2020. "Integrated design and control optimization of fuel cell hybrid mining truck with minimized lifecycle cost," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    19. Lei, Fei & Du, Bin & Liu, Xin & Xie, Xiaoping & Chai, Tian, 2016. "Optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for motor wheels of electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 980-990.
    20. Lei, Fei & Gu, Ke & Du, Bin & Xie, Xiaoping, 2017. "Comprehensive global optimization of an implicit constrained multi-physics system for electric vehicles with in-wheel motors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 523-534.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:285:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921000349. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.