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Effects of ambient methanol on pollutants formation in dual-fuel spray combustion at varying ambient temperatures: A large-eddy simulation

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  • Xu, Shijie
  • Zhong, Shenghui
  • Pang, Kar Mun
  • Yu, Senbin
  • Jangi, Mehdi
  • Bai, Xue-song

Abstract

Large-eddy simulation with a finite-rate chemistry model is carried out to investigate the formation of soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the dual-fuel spray combustion. Liquid n-heptane is injected into a constant volume chamber, filled with a premixed methanol–air mixture with an equivalence ratio (ϕm) of 0.3. Three dual-fuel cases are simulated under initial temperatures of 900, 950 and 1000 K. Three single-fuel cases, with the same configurations, but with pure air being used as ambient gas composition are also simulated and used as baselines for comparison purposes. The paper aims to identify the main mechanisms of soot and NOx reduction in dual-fuel spray combustion under conditions relevant to internal combustion engines. The numerical model is validated using the Engine Combustion Network n-heptane fuel experimental data. It is found that soot emission has a strong non-linear dependence on ambient temperature in dual-fuel combustion. At high temperatures, soot emission is enhanced whereas at lower temperatures, it is suppressed. For the presently studied cases, the results show that the enhanced mixing is the primary reason for soot reduction in the 900 and 950 K cases, whereas the onset auto-ignition in ambient methanol/air mixture, which leads to a shortened lift-off length of the n-heptane spray flame and reduced ambient oxygen concentration, is the mechanism behind the enhanced soot emission in the 1000 K case. The methanol dilution effects of oxygen concentration and heat capacity on ignition delay time and the maximum flame temperature are minor in the current dual-fuel configurations. Regarding NOx emission in dual-fuel combustion, it is found that the effect of methanol on NOx formation also depends on the ambient temperatures. The NOx formation rate in the dual-fuel case is lower than that of the single-fuel case at 900 K. However, an opposite trend of NOx formation rate is observed in the 1000 K cases. The main reason for the increased NOx emission is the larger high temperature region resulted from the interaction of the spray flame and the ambient mixture ignition.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Shijie & Zhong, Shenghui & Pang, Kar Mun & Yu, Senbin & Jangi, Mehdi & Bai, Xue-song, 2020. "Effects of ambient methanol on pollutants formation in dual-fuel spray combustion at varying ambient temperatures: A large-eddy simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:279:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920312575
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115774
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    Cited by:

    1. Xu, Leilei & Treacy, Mark & Zhang, Yan & Aziz, Amir & Tuner, Martin & Bai, Xue-Song, 2022. "Comparison of efficiency and emission characteristics in a direct-injection compression ignition engine fuelled with iso-octane and methanol under low temperature combustion conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    2. Zandie, Mohammad & Ng, Hoon Kiat & Gan, Suyin & Muhamad Said, Mohd Farid & Cheng, Xinwei, 2022. "A comprehensive CFD study of the spray combustion, soot formation and emissions of ternary mixtures of diesel, biodiesel and gasoline under compression ignition engine-relevant conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    3. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar & Kumar, Vikram & Ankur Kalwar, Ashutosh Jena, 2022. "Fuel injection strategy optimisation and experimental performance and emissions evaluation of diesel displacement by port fuel injected methanol in a retrofitted mid-size genset engine prototype," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    4. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Li, Yaopeng & Treacy, Mark & Li, Changle & Tunestål, Per & Tunér, Martin & Lu, Xingcai, 2020. "Effect of piston bowl geometry and compression ratio on in-cylinder combustion and engine performance in a gasoline direct-injection compression ignition engine under different injection conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    5. Zhong, Shenghui & Xu, Shijie & Bai, Xue-Song & Peng, Zhijun & Zhang, Fan, 2021. "Large eddy simulation of n-heptane/syngas pilot ignition spray combustion: Ignition process, liftoff evolution and pollutant emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    6. Zhang, Junqing & Chen, Danan & Lai, Shini & Li, Jun & Huang, Hongyu & Kobayashi, Noriyuki, 2024. "Numerical simulation and spray model development of liquid ammonia injection under diesel-engine conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    7. Liu, Xinlei & Wang, Hu & Zheng, Zunqing & Yao, Mingfa, 2021. "Development of a reduced primary reference fuel-PODE3-methanol-ethanol-n-butanol mechanism for dual-fuel engine simulations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).

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