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Supercritical water gasification of Kraft black liquor: Process design, analysis, pulp mill integration and economic evaluation

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  • Magdeldin, Mohamed
  • Järvinen, Mika

Abstract

Supercritical water is a practical processing medium for the treatment of weak black liquor (WBL) produced from pulp digesters in Kraft mill operations. WBL is characterized as a bio-feed with considerable thermal potential, but also a challenging high water content (~82 wt.%) and high inorganic to organic ratio for thermochemical conversion. The advantageous thermo-physical properties of water near to and beyond the critical point allow for the valorization of the organic content into a product gas, while enabling the efficient recycle of the inorganic pulping chemicals. Detailed process models were developed on Aspen Plus® and commercial spreadsheet software to examine the impact of an integrated Sub/supercritical water (SCW) reactor system on the mill material and energy flows. When considering the three energy co-products: gas, solids and hot water: the stand-alone SCW reactor system had a system efficiency of 83% and 80% for a 450 °C and 600 °C operating reactor temperature, respectively. The inorganic fraction of the solid SCW co-product and the aqueous by-product provide a synergetic effect as drop-in material streams within the chemicals recovery cycle. By re-directing the WBL to the SCW reactor system, pulp production capacity could be increased by 75%, while matching mill energy requirements and, with minimum disruptions to the mill chemistry. Under the economic assumptions of this study, a 30–50% WBL split fraction to the SCW reactor system improves the minimum selling price of the pulp product compared to a reference Nordic softwood mill with 800 k air-dried ton pulp capacity per year.

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  • Magdeldin, Mohamed & Järvinen, Mika, 2020. "Supercritical water gasification of Kraft black liquor: Process design, analysis, pulp mill integration and economic evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:262:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920300702
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114558
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    5. Ali, Ramadan Hefny & Abdel Samee, Ahmed A. & Maghrabie, Hussein M., 2023. "Thermodynamic analysis of a cogeneration system in pulp and paper industry under singular and hybrid operating modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    6. Qiu, Yuxin & Liu, Yunyun & Zhang, Fengming & Rong, Weiqing, 2024. "Thermodynamic and exergy assessments of supercritical water gasification of oily sludge assisted by hydrothermal flame," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    7. Ribeiro Domingos, Meire Ellen Gorete & Flórez-Orrego, Daniel & dos Santos, Moisés Teles & de Oliveira Junior, Silvio & Maréchal, François, 2023. "Process modeling and integration of hydrogen and synthetic natural gas production in a kraft pulp mill via black liquor gasification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).

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