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Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: Correlation or Causal Relationship?

Author

Listed:
  • Stijn Baert
  • Sunčica Vujić
  • Simon Amez
  • Matteo Claeskens
  • Thomas Daman
  • Arno Maeckelberghe
  • Eddy Omey
  • Lieven De Marez

Abstract

After a decade of correlational research, this study attempts to measure the causal impact of (general) smartphone use on educational performance. To this end, we merge survey data on general smartphone use, exogenous predictors of this use, and other drivers of academic success with the exam scores of first‐year students at two Belgian universities. The resulting data are analysed with instrumental variable estimation techniques. A one‐standard‐deviation increase in daily smartphone use yields a decrease in average exam scores of about one point (out of 20). When relying on ordinary least squares estimations, the magnitude of this effect is substantially underestimated. The negative association between smartphone use and exam results is more outspoken for students (i) with highly educated fathers, (ii) with divorced parents and (iii) who are in good health. Policy‐makers should at least invest in information and awareness campaigns of teachers and parents to highlight this trade‐off between smartphone use and academic performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Stijn Baert & Sunčica Vujić & Simon Amez & Matteo Claeskens & Thomas Daman & Arno Maeckelberghe & Eddy Omey & Lieven De Marez, 2020. "Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: Correlation or Causal Relationship?," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 73(1), pages 22-46, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:73:y:2020:i:1:p:22-46
    DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12214
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    Cited by:

    1. Yuan Wang & Liping Yang & Jun Wu & Zisheng Song & Li Shi, 2022. "Mining Campus Big Data: Prediction of Career Choice Using Interpretable Machine Learning Method," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Eline Moens & Louis Lippens & Philippe Sterkens & Johannes Weytjens & Stijn Baert, 2022. "The COVID-19 crisis and telework: a research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 23(4), pages 729-753, June.
    3. Amez, Simon & Denecker, Floor & Ponnet, Koen & De Marez, Lieven & Baert, Stijn, 2021. "Mobile DNA and Sleep Quality," IZA Discussion Papers 14816, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    4. Baert, Stijn & Lippens, Louis & Moens, Eline & Sterkens, Philippe & Weytjens, Johannes, 2020. "How Do We Think the COVID-19 Crisis Will Affect Our Careers (If Any Remain)?," IZA Discussion Papers 13164, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Stijn Baert & Sunčica Vujić & Simon Amez & Matteo Claeskens & Thomas Daman & Arno Maeckelberghe & Eddy Omey & Lieven De Marez, 2020. "Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: Correlation or Causal Relationship?," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 73(1), pages 22-46, February.
    6. Amez, Simon & Vujić, Sunčica & De Marez, Lieven & Baert, Stijn, 2019. "Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: First Evidence from Longitudinal Data," GLO Discussion Paper Series 438, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    7. Amez, Simon & Vujić, Sunčica & Abrath, Margo & Baert, Stijn, 2021. "Deteriorated sleep quality does not explain the negative impact of smartphone use on academic performance," GLO Discussion Paper Series 879, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    8. Bai, Chen & Chen, Xiaomeng & Han, Keqing, 2020. "Mobile phone addiction and school performance among Chinese adolescents from low-income families: A moderated mediation model," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    9. Amez, Simon & Baert, Stijn, 2021. "Bye, bye, Hotel Mama, bye, bye good grades? Living in a student room and exam results in tertiary education," GLO Discussion Paper Series 885, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    10. Han, Sunyoung, 2022. "Impact of smartphones on students: How age at first use and duration of usage affect learning and academic progress," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    11. Hugues Sampasa-Kanyinga & Hayley A. Hamilton & Gary S. Goldfield & Jean-Philippe Chaput, 2022. "Problem Technology Use, Academic Performance, and School Connectedness among Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-14, February.
    12. Naveed Hayat & Muhammad Imran & Shabbir Ahmad & Adnan Ali Shahzad & Jamshaid ur Rehman, 2022. "The Effect of Mobile Phone Use on the Students’ Budget, Social Behavior and Academic Performance: A Case Study of Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(3), pages 122-134, September.
    13. Leo Röhlke, 2024. "Changes in early adolescents' time use after acquiring their first mobile phone. An empirical test of the displacement hypothesis," University of Bern Social Sciences Working Papers 49, University of Bern, Department of Social Sciences.
    14. Gómez-Fernández, Nerea & Mediavilla, Mauro, 2021. "Exploring the relationship between Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and academic performance: A multilevel analysis for Spain," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    15. Danilo B. Buctot & Nami Kim & Sun-Hee Kim, 2021. "Personal Profiles, Family Environment, Patterns of Smartphone Use, Nomophobia, and Smartphone Addiction across Low, Average, and High Perceived Academic Performance Levels among High School Students i," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-19, May.
    16. Melina A. Throuvala & Mark D. Griffiths & Mike Rennoldson & Daria J. Kuss, 2021. "Perceived Challenges and Online Harms from Social Media Use on a Severity Continuum: A Qualitative Psychological Stakeholder Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-26, March.
    17. Abrahamsson, Sara, 2024. "Smartphone Bans, Student Outcomes and Mental Health," Discussion Paper Series in Economics 1/2024, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I23 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Higher Education; Research Institutions
    • L86 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

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