IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/eee/enepol/v80y2015icp196-214.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles compared to conventional vehicles: A probabilistic analysis and projection across market segments

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Xiaoxue Zheng & Haiyan Lin & Zhi Liu & Dengfeng Li & Carlos Llopis-Albert & Shouzhen Zeng, 2018. "Manufacturing Decisions and Government Subsidies for Electric Vehicles in China: A Maximal Social Welfare Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-28, March.
  2. Austmann, Leonhard M. & Vigne, Samuel A., 2021. "Does environmental awareness fuel the electric vehicle market? A Twitter keyword analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
  3. Gnann, Till & Stephens, Thomas S. & Lin, Zhenhong & Plötz, Patrick & Liu, Changzheng & Brokate, Jens, 2018. "What drives the market for plug-in electric vehicles? - A review of international PEV market diffusion models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 158-164.
  4. Shrimali, Gireesh, 2021. "Getting to India's electric vehicle targets cost-effectively: To subsidize or not, and how?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
  5. Laurent Franckx, 2019. "Working Paper 01-19 - Future evolution of the car stock in Belgium: CASMO, the new satellite of PLANET," Working Papers 1901, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium.
  6. Chakraborty, Debapriya PhD & Konstantinou, Theodora PhD & Gutierrez Lopez, Julia Beatriz MSc & Tal, Gil, 2024. "Assessing the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles among California Households," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt3jh4f34x, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
  7. Burra, Lavan T. & Sommer, Stephan & Vance, Colin, 2023. "Free-Ridership in Subsidies for Company- and Private Electric Vehicles," Ruhr Economic Papers 1015, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
  8. Shafiei, Ehsan & Davidsdottir, Brynhildur & Fazeli, Reza & Leaver, Jonathan & Stefansson, Hlynur & Asgeirsson, Eyjolfur Ingi, 2018. "Macroeconomic effects of fiscal incentives to promote electric vehicles in Iceland: Implications for government and consumer costs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 431-443.
  9. Wadud, Zia, 2017. "Fully automated vehicles: A cost of ownership analysis to inform early adoption," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 163-176.
  10. Malek Al-Chalabi & David Banister, 2022. "The Missing Link? Insights from an Innovative Feedback Exercise for Household Electricity and Travel Behaviour," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-17, July.
  11. Toheed Ghandriz & Bengt Jacobson & Manjurul Islam & Jonas Hellgren & Leo Laine, 2021. "Transportation-Mission-Based Optimization of Heterogeneous Heavy-Vehicle Fleet Including Electrified Propulsion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-43, May.
  12. Bogdan Ovidiu Varga & Arsen Sagoian & Florin Mariasiu, 2019. "Prediction of Electric Vehicle Range: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
  13. Lee, Yongseung & Kim, Chongman & Shin, Juneseuk, 2016. "A hybrid electric vehicle market penetration model to identify the best policy mix: A consumer ownership cycle approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 438-449.
  14. Teng, Fei & Zhang, Qi & Chen, Siyuan & Wang, Ge & Huang, Zhenyue & Wang, Lu, 2024. "Comprehensive effects of policy mixes on the diffusion of heavy-duty hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks in China considering technology learning," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
  15. Kondev, Bozhil & Dixon, James & Zhou, Zhaoqi & Sabyrbekov, Rahat & Sultanaliev, Kanat & Hirmer, Stephanie A., 2023. "Putting the foot down: Accelerating EV uptake in Kyrgyzstan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 87-96.
  16. Scorrano, Mariangela & Danielis, Romeo & Giansoldati, Marco, 2020. "Dissecting the total cost of ownership of fully electric cars in Italy: The impact of annual distance travelled, home charging and urban driving," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
  17. Nienhueser, Ian Andrew & Qiu, Yueming, 2016. "Economic and environmental impacts of providing renewable energy for electric vehicle charging – A choice experiment study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 256-268.
  18. Lukas Burs & Ellen Roemer & Stefan Worm & Andrea Masini, 2020. "Are They All Equal? Uncovering Adopter Groups of Battery Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, April.
  19. Giuseppe Aiello & Salvatore Quaranta & Rosalinda Inguanta & Antonella Certa & Mario Venticinque, 2024. "A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework for Zero Emission Vehicle Fleet Renewal Considering Lifecycle and Scenario Uncertainty," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-19, March.
  20. Makena Coffman & Paul Bernstein & Sherilyn Wee, 2017. "Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(1), pages 79-93, January.
  21. Hoarau, Quentin & Perez, Yannick, 2019. "Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 26-39.
  22. Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina & Krzysztof Grysa, 2021. "Assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-20, August.
  23. Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak & Dariusz Pyza & Zbigniew Łosiewicz & Wojciech Lewicki, 2022. "Total Cost of Ownership of Light Commercial Electrical Vehicles in City Logistics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-23, November.
  24. Jaržemskis Andrius & Jaržemskienė Ilona, 2022. "European Green Deal Implications on Country Level Energy Consumption," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 22(2), pages 97-122, December.
  25. Tobias Kuhnimhof & Christine Eisenmann, 2023. "Mobility-on-demand pricing versus private vehicle TCO: how cost structures hinder the dethroning of the car," Transportation, Springer, vol. 50(2), pages 707-731, April.
  26. Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka & Filip Polak & Leszek Szczęch, 2022. "Water Power Plants Possibilities in Powering Electric Cars—Case Study: Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.
  27. Nugroho, Rizqi Ilma & Gnann, Till & Speth, Daniel & Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu & Hanafi, Jessica & Soehodho, Sutanto, 2024. "Agent-based simulation for market diffusion of passenger cars and motorcycles BEV in Greater Jakarta Area," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S05/2024, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
  28. Ranjit R. Desai & Eric Hittinger & Eric Williams, 2022. "Interaction of Consumer Heterogeneity and Technological Progress in the US Electric Vehicle Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-25, June.
  29. Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo & Kester, Johannes & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2018. "Beyond emissions and economics: Rethinking the co-benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G)," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 130-137.
  30. Moon, Saedaseul & Lee, Deok-Joo, 2019. "An optimal electric vehicle investment model for consumers using total cost of ownership: A real option approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
  31. Ouyang, Danhua & Zhou, Shen & Ou, Xunmin, 2021. "The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China's post-subsidy era," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  32. Ma, Shao-Chao & Fan, Ying & Feng, Lianyong, 2017. "An evaluation of government incentives for new energy vehicles in China focusing on vehicle purchasing restrictions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 609-618.
  33. Felix Hinnüber & Marek Szarucki & Katarzyna Szopik-Depczyńska, 2019. "The Effects of a First-Time Experience on the Evaluation of Battery Electric Vehicles by Potential Consumers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-25, December.
  34. Liu, Zhe & Song, Juhyun & Kubal, Joseph & Susarla, Naresh & Knehr, Kevin W. & Islam, Ehsan & Nelson, Paul & Ahmed, Shabbir, 2021. "Comparing total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
  35. Jingjing Jia & Shujie Ma & Yixi Xue & Deyang Kong, 2020. "Life-Cycle Break-Even Analysis of Electric Carsharing: A Comparative Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-29, August.
  36. Palmer, Kate & Tate, James E. & Wadud, Zia & Nellthorp, John, 2018. "Total cost of ownership and market share for hybrid and electric vehicles in the UK, US and Japan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 108-119.
  37. Lévay, Petra Zsuzsa & Drossinos, Yannis & Thiel, Christian, 2017. "The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 524-533.
  38. Ma, Shao-Chao & Xu, Jin-Hua & Fan, Ying, 2019. "Willingness to pay and preferences for alternative incentives to EV purchase subsidies: An empirical study in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 197-215.
  39. Trost, Tobias & Sterner, Michael & Bruckner, Thomas, 2017. "Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1215-1225.
  40. Gábor Horváth & Attila Bai & Sándor Szegedi & István Lázár & Csongor Máthé & László Huzsvai & Máté Zakar & Zoltán Gabnai & Tamás Tóth, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Distinctive Tendencies of the Diffusion of E-Mobility in Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-29, July.
  41. Zhou, Kaile & Cheng, Lexin & Lu, Xinhui & Wen, Lulu, 2020. "Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
  42. Burra, Lavan T. & Sommer, Stephan & Vance, Colin, 2024. "Free-ridership in subsidies for company- and private electric vehicles," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  43. Noll, Bessie & del Val, Santiago & Schmidt, Tobias S. & Steffen, Bjarne, 2022. "Analyzing the competitiveness of low-carbon drive-technologies in road-freight: A total cost of ownership analysis in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
  44. Fontaínhas, José & Cunha, Jorge & Ferreira, Paula, 2016. "Is investing in an electric car worthwhile from a consumers' perspective?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P2), pages 1459-1477.
  45. Sanguinetti, Angela & Alston-Stepnitz, Eli & Cimene, Angelika, 2020. "Facilitating Electric Vehicle Adoption with Vehicle Cost Calculators," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt368290kp, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
  46. Amela Ajanovic & Marina Siebenhofer & Reinhard Haas, 2021. "Electric Mobility in Cities: The Case of Vienna," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, January.
  47. Kamilė Petrauskienė & Arvydas Galinis & Daina Kliaugaitė & Jolanta Dvarionienė, 2021. "Comparative Environmental Life Cycle and Cost Assessment of Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Vehicles in Lithuania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, January.
  48. Lukas Lanz & Bessie Noll & Tobias S. Schmidt & Bjarne Steffen, 2022. "Comparing the levelized cost of electric vehicle charging options in Europe," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
  49. Sanguinetti, Angela & Favetti, Matthew & Hirschfelt, Kate & Kong, Nathaniel & Chakraborty, Debapriya & Alston-Stepnitz, Eli & Ma, Howard, 2023. "Developing a Vehicle Cost Calculator to Promote Electric Vehicle Adoption Among TNC Drivers," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt1v44b5kp, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
  50. Kirkizoğlu, Zeynep & Karaer, Özgen, 2022. "After-sales service and warranty decisions of a durable goods manufacturer," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
  51. Markard, Jochen & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2016. "Analysis of complementarities: Framework and examples from the energy transition," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 63-75.
  52. Turan, Fikret Korhan, 2024. "A theoretical stakeholder model of automotive industry and policy implications for sustainable transport after Dieselgate," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 192-205.
  53. van Velzen, Arjan & Annema, Jan Anne & van de Kaa, Geerten & van Wee, Bert, 2019. "Proposing a more comprehensive future total cost of ownership estimation framework for electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1034-1046.
  54. Santos, Georgina & Rembalski, Sebastian, 2021. "Do electric vehicles need subsidies in the UK?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  55. Breetz, Hanna L. & Salon, Deborah, 2018. "Do electric vehicles need subsidies? Ownership costs for conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles in 14 U.S. cities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 238-249.
  56. Jones, J. & Genovese, A. & Tob-Ogu, A., 2020. "Hydrogen vehicles in urban logistics: A total cost of ownership analysis and some policy implications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
  57. Hasan, Saiful & Simsekoglu, Özlem, 2020. "The role of psychological factors on vehicle kilometer travelled (VKT) for battery electric vehicle (BEV) users," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  58. Rotaris, Lucia & Giansoldati, Marco & Scorrano, Mariangela, 2021. "The slow uptake of electric cars in Italy and Slovenia. Evidence from a stated-preference survey and the role of knowledge and environmental awareness," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 1-18.
  59. Esmene Shukru & Leyshon Michael, 2019. "The Role of Rural Heterogeneity in Knowledge Mobilisation and Sociotechnical Transitions: Reflections from a Study on Electric Vehicles as an Alternative Technology for Cornwall, UK," European Countryside, Sciendo, vol. 11(4), pages 661-671, December.
  60. Rafi Zahedi & Parisa Ranjbaran & Gevork B. Gharehpetian & Fazel Mohammadi & Roya Ahmadiahangar, 2021. "Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-25, April.
  61. Mariangela Scorrano & Terje Andreas Mathisen & Marco Giansoldati, 2019. "Is electric car uptake driven by monetary factors? A total cost of ownership comparison between Norway and Italy," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 0(2), pages 99-132.
  62. Tushar Gahlaut & Gourav Dwivedi, 2024. "A Comprehensive Study for Multi-Criteria Comparison of EV, ICEV, and HEV," Papers 2404.11705, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
  63. Lopez, Neil Stephen & Tria, Lew Andrew & Tayo, Leo Allen & Cruzate, Rovinna Janel & Oppus, Carlos & Cabacungan, Paul & Isla, Igmedio & Ansay, Arjun & Garcia, Teodinis & Cabarrubias-Dela Cruz, Kevien &, 2021. "Societal cost-benefit analysis of electric vehicles in the Philippines with the inclusion of impacts to balance of payments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
  64. Harvey, L.D. Danny, 2018. "Cost and energy performance of advanced light duty vehicles: Implications for standards and subsidies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-12.
  65. Hao, Xu & Lin, Zhenhong & Wang, Hewu & Ou, Shiqi & Ouyang, Minggao, 2020. "Range cost-effectiveness of plug-in electric vehicle for heterogeneous consumers: An expanded total ownership cost approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
  66. Gianfranco Di Lorenzo & Erika Stracqualursi & Giovanni Vescio & Rodolfo Araneo, 2024. "State of the Art of Renewable Sources Potentialities in the Middle East: A Case Study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-27, April.
  67. Almeida Neves, Sónia & Cardoso Marques, António & Alberto Fuinhas, José, 2019. "Technological progress and other factors behind the adoption of electric vehicles: Empirical evidence for EU countries," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 28-39.
  68. Antti Lajunen & Klaus Kivekäs & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2020. "Influence of Increasing Electrification of Passenger Vehicle Fleet on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Finland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-13, June.
  69. Harvey, L.D. Danny, 2020. "Rethinking electric vehicle subsidies, rediscovering energy efficiency," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
  70. Borne, Olivier & Korte, Klaas & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc & Purkus, Alexandra, 2018. "Barriers to entry in frequency-regulation services markets: Review of the status quo and options for improvements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 605-614.
  71. Safari, M., 2018. "Battery electric vehicles: Looking behind to move forward," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 54-65.
  72. Schloter, Lukas, 2022. "Empirical analysis of the depreciation of electric vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 268-279.
  73. Cox, Brian & Bauer, Christian & Mendoza Beltran, Angelica & van Vuuren, Detlef P. & Mutel, Christopher L., 2020. "Life cycle environmental and cost comparison of current and future passenger cars under different energy scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
  74. Duffner, Fabian & Mauler, Lukas & Wentker, Marc & Leker, Jens & Winter, Martin, 2021. "Large-scale automotive battery cell manufacturing: Analyzing strategic and operational effects on manufacturing costs," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
  75. Alp, Osman & Tan, Tarkan & Udenio, Maximiliano, 2022. "Transitioning to sustainable freight transportation by integrating fleet replacement and charging infrastructure decisions," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
  76. Patrick Reimers, 2021. "The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-30, September.
  77. Saccani, Nicola & Perona, Marco & Bacchetti, Andrea, 2017. "The total cost of ownership of durable consumer goods: A conceptual model and an empirical application," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 183(PA), pages 1-13.
  78. Jaroslaw Milczarek & Piotr Cyplik & Sebastian Wieczerniak, 2018. "Using Total Cost Of Ownership As A Method For Identification Of Internal Problems In Purchase Area – Case Study," Business Logistics in Modern Management, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Economics, Croatia, vol. 18, pages 205-223.
  79. Seunghoon Lee & Young Hoon Lee & Yongho Choi, 2019. "Project Portfolio Selection Considering Total Cost of Ownership in the Automobile Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-17, August.
  80. Diao, Qinghua & Sun, Wei & Yuan, Xinmei & Li, Lili & Zheng, Zhi, 2016. "Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 567-578.
  81. Sun, Xiaohua & Liu, Xiaoling & Wang, Yun & Yuan, Fang, 2019. "The effects of public subsidies on emerging industry: An agent-based model of the electric vehicle industry," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 281-295.
  82. Malima, Gabriel Clement & Moyo, Francis, 2023. "Are electric vehicles economically viable in sub-Saharan Africa? The total cost of ownership of internal combustion engine and electric vehicles in Tanzania," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 14-26.
  83. Sun, Lishan & Huang, Yuchen & Liu, Shuli & Chen, Yanyan & Yao, Liya & Kashyap, Anil, 2017. "A completive survey study on the feasibility and adaptation of EVs in Beijing, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 128-139.
  84. Coffman, Makena & Bernstein, Paul & Wee, Sherilyn, 2017. "Integrating electric vehicles and residential solar PV," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 30-38.
  85. Piotr Wróblewski & Wojciech Lewicki, 2021. "A Method of Analyzing the Residual Values of Low-Emission Vehicles Based on a Selected Expert Method Taking into Account Stochastic Operational Parameters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-24, October.
  86. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
  87. Danielis, Romeo & Giansoldati, Marco & Scorrano, Mariangela, 2019. "Consumer- and society-oriented cost of ownership of electric and conventional cars in Italy," Working Papers 19_3, SIET Società Italiana di Economia dei Trasporti e della Logistica.
  88. Say, Kelvin & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Wang, Changlong, 2023. "The economics of public transport electrification: A case study from Victoria, Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
  89. Babar, Abdul Haseeb Khan & Ali, Yousaf, 2021. "Enhancement of electric vehicles’ market competitiveness using fuzzy quality function deployment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  90. Gudmunds, D. & Nyholm, E. & Taljegard, M. & Odenberger, M., 2020. "Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 1200-1215.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.