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From Motherhood Penalties to Husband Premia: The New Challenge for Gender Equality and Family Policy, Lessons from Norway

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  • Petersen, Trond
  • Penner, Andrew M
  • Høgsnes, Geir

Abstract

Given the key role that processes occurring in the family play in cre- ating gender inequality, the family is a central focus of policies aimed at creating greater gender equality. We examine how family status affects the gender wage gap using longitudinal matched employer- employee data from Norway, 1979 – 96, a period with extensive expan- sion of family policies. The motherhood penalty dropped dramatically from 1979 to 1996. Among men the premia for marriage and father- hood remained constant. In 1979, the gender wage gap was primarily due to the motherhood penalty, but by 1996 husband premia were more important than motherhood penalties.

Suggested Citation

  • Petersen, Trond & Penner, Andrew M & Høgsnes, Geir, 2014. "From Motherhood Penalties to Husband Premia: The New Challenge for Gender Equality and Family Policy, Lessons from Norway," Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper Series qt2hk409sk, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:indrel:qt2hk409sk
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Peterson, Trond & Penner, Andrew & Høgsnes, Geir, 2016. "The Impact of Family Policies during Turbulent Times1," Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper Series qt63k5p0s8, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley.
    4. Mari, Gabriele & Cutuli, Giorgio, 2018. "Do parental leaves make the motherhood wage penalty worse? Assessing two decades of German reforms," SocArXiv f2nrc, Center for Open Science.
    5. Andrea Hjálmsdóttir & Valgerður S. Bjarnadóttir, 2021. "“I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID‐19 in a gender equality paradise," Gender, Work and Organization, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 268-283, January.
    6. Rob Gruijters & Zachary van Winkle & Anette Fasang, 2023. "Life Course Trajectories and Wealth Accumulation in the United States: Comparing Late Baby Boomers and Early Millennials," Post-Print hal-04278042, HAL.
    7. Drahomíra Zajíčková & Miroslav Zajíček, 2021. "Otcovský bonus v České republice, jeho vývoj a zdroje [Fatherhood Premium in the Czech Republic - Its Evolution and Sources]," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2021(5), pages 529-554.
    8. John R. Logan & Andrew Foster & Jun Ke & Fan Li, 2017. "The Uptick in Income Segregation: Real Trend or Random Sampling Variance," NBER Working Papers 23656, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    9. Juho Härkönen & Marika Jalovaara & Eevi Lappalainen & Anneli Miettinen, 2023. "Double Disadvantage in a Nordic Welfare State: A Demographic Analysis of the Single-Parent Employment Gap in Finland, 1987–2018," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 39(1), pages 1-27, December.
    10. Gabriele Mari & Giorgio Cutuli, 2019. "Do Parental Leaves Make the Motherhood Wage Penalty Worse? Assessing Two Decades of German Reforms," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 1025, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    11. Meriküll, Jaanika & Tverdostup, Maryna, 2023. "The gap that survived the transition: The gender wage gap in Estonia over three decades," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 47(3).
    12. Wei-hsin Yu & Chi-Tsun Chiu, 2016. "Growing Pains: Changes in Psychological Well-Being in Urban China," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 129(3), pages 1349-1382, December.
    13. Charlotta Magnusson & Magnus Nermo, 2017. "Gender, Parenthood and Wage Differences: The Importance of Time-Consuming Job Characteristics," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 131(2), pages 797-816, March.
    14. Sylvia Fuller & Lynn Prince Cooke, 2018. "Workplace Variation in Fatherhood Wage Premiums: Do Formalization and Performance Pay Matter?," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 32(4), pages 768-788, August.
    15. David Brady & Agnes Blome & Julie A. Kmec, 2018. "Work-Family Reconciliation Policies And Women’s And Mothers’labor Market Outcomes In Rich Democracies," LIS Working papers 754, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    16. Di Nallo, Alessandro, 2024. "Women’s job market outcomes around live and non-live births," OSF Preprints 2m4xb, Center for Open Science.
    17. Brady, David & Blome, Agnes & Kmec, Julie A., 2018. "Work-Family Reconciliation Policies and Women's and Mothers' Labor Market Outcomes in Rich Democracies," SocArXiv sbyz9, Center for Open Science.
    18. Drahomíra Zajíèková & Miroslav Zajíèek, 2022. "The Fatherhood Premium or the Fatherhood Penalty? It Depends on the Type of Marriage You’re in: The Case of Slovakia 2009 through 2018," Journal of Economics / Ekonomicky casopis, Institute of Economic Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 70(7-8), pages 646-677, July.
    19. Laura Antonia Langner, 2018. "Flexible men and Successful Women: The Effects of Flexible Working Hours on German Couples’ Wages," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 32(4), pages 687-706, August.
    20. Daniel Oesch & Oliver Lipps & Patrick McDonald, 2017. "The wage penalty for motherhood: Evidence on discrimination from panel data and a survey experiment for Switzerland," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 37(56), pages 1793-1824.

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