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An International Pooled Analysis for Obtaining a Benchmark Dose for Environmental Lead Exposure in Children

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  • Esben Budtz‐Jørgensen
  • David Bellinger
  • Bruce Lanphear
  • Philippe Grandjean
  • on behalf of the International Pooled Lead Study Investigators

Abstract

Lead is a recognized neurotoxicant, but estimating effects at the lowest measurable levels is difficult. An international pooled analysis of data from seven cohort studies reported an inverse and supra‐linear relationship between blood lead concentrations and IQ scores in children. The lack of a clear threshold presents a challenge to the identification of an acceptable level of exposure. The benchmark dose (BMD) is defined as the dose that leads to a specific known loss. As an alternative to elusive thresholds, the BMD is being used increasingly by regulatory authorities. Using the pooled data, this article presents BMD results and applies different statistical techniques in the analysis of multistudy data. The calculations showed only a limited variation between studies in the steepness of the dose‐response functions. BMD results were quite robust to modeling assumptions with the best fitting models yielding lower confidence limits (BMDLs) of about 0.1–1.0 μ g/dL for the dose leading to a loss of one IQ point. We conclude that current allowable blood lead concentrations need to be lowered and further prevention efforts are needed to protect children from lead toxicity.

Suggested Citation

  • Esben Budtz‐Jørgensen & David Bellinger & Bruce Lanphear & Philippe Grandjean & on behalf of the International Pooled Lead Study Investigators, 2013. "An International Pooled Analysis for Obtaining a Benchmark Dose for Environmental Lead Exposure in Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(3), pages 450-461, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:33:y:2013:i:3:p:450-461
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01882.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Matthew W. Wheeler & A. John Bailer, 2009. "Benchmark Dose Estimation Incorporating Multiple Data Sources," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(2), pages 249-256, February.
    2. Mirjam Moerbeek & Aldert H. Piersma & Wout Slob, 2004. "A Comparison of Three Methods for Calculating Confidence Intervals for the Benchmark Dose," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(1), pages 31-40, February.
    3. Katsuyuki Murata & Esben Budtz‐Jørgensen & Philippe Grandjean, 2002. "Benchmark Dose Calculations for Methylmercury‐Associated Delays on Evoked Potential Latencies in Two Cohorts of Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 22(3), pages 465-474, June.
    4. Esben Budtz-Jørgensen & Niels Keiding & Philippe Grandjean, 2001. "Benchmark Dose Calculation from Epidemiological Data," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 57(3), pages 698-706, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Paulina Farías & David Hernández-Bonilla & Hortensia Moreno-Macías & Sergio Montes-López & Lourdes Schnaas & José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador & Camilo Ríos & Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez, 2022. "Prenatal Co-Exposure to Manganese, Mercury, and Lead, and Neurodevelopment in Children during the First Year of Life," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Stephen B. Billings & Kevin T. Schnepel, 2018. "Life after Lead: Effects of Early Interventions for Children Exposed to Lead," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 10(3), pages 315-344, July.

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