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Recommended Distributions for Exposure Factors Frequently Used in Health Risk Assessment

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  • Brent Finley
  • Deborah Proctor
  • Paul Scott
  • Natalie Harrington
  • Dennis Paustenbach
  • Paul Price

Abstract

Although there has been nearly complete agreement in the scientific community that Monte Carlo techniques represent a significant improvement in the exposure assessment process, virtually all state and federal risk assessments still rely on the traditional point estimate approach. One of the rate‐determining steps to a timely implementation of Monte Carlo techniques to regulatory decision making is the development of “standard” data distributions that are considered applicable to any setting. For many exposure variables, there is no need to wait any longer to adopt Monte Carlo techniques into regulatory policy since there is a wealth of data from which a robust distribution can be developed and ample evidence to indicate that the variable is not significantly influenced by site‐specific conditions. In this paper, we propose several distributions that can be considered standard and customary for most settings. Age‐specific distributions for soil ingestion rates, inhalation rates, body weights, skin surface area, tapwater and fish consumption, residential occupancy and occupational tenure, and soil‐on‐skin adherence were developed. For each distribution offered in this paper, we discuss the adequacy of the database, derivation of the distribution, and applicability of the distribution to various settings and conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Brent Finley & Deborah Proctor & Paul Scott & Natalie Harrington & Dennis Paustenbach & Paul Price, 1994. "Recommended Distributions for Exposure Factors Frequently Used in Health Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 533-553, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:14:y:1994:i:4:p:533-553
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00269.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John K. Hawley, 1985. "Assessment of Health Risk from Exposure to Contaminated Soil," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 5(4), pages 289-302, December.
    2. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott & Douglas A. Mayhall, 1994. "Development of a Standard Soil‐to‐Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 555-569, August.
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    1. Monika Filipsson & Tomas Öberg & Bo Bergbäck, 2011. "Variability and Uncertainty in Swedish Exposure Factors for Use in Quantitative Exposure Assessments," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(1), pages 108-119, January.
    2. Paul S. Price & Cynthia L. Curry & Philip E. Goodrum & Michael N. Gray & Jane I. McCrodden & Natalie W. Harrington & Heather Carlson‐Lynch & Russell E. Keenan, 1996. "Monte Carlo Modeling of Time‐Dependent Exposures Using a Microexposure Event Approach," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(3), pages 339-348, June.
    3. Charles N. Haas, 1997. "Importance of Distributional Form in Characterizing Inputs to Monte Carlo Risk Assessments," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(1), pages 107-113, February.
    4. Randy L. Maddalena & Thomas E. McKone & Michael D. Sohn, 2004. "Standardized Approach for Developing Probabilistic Exposure Factor Distributions," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(5), pages 1185-1199, October.
    5. S. N. Rai & D. Krewski, 1998. "Uncertainty and Variability Analysis in Multiplicative Risk Models," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 37-45, February.
    6. Viscusi, W. Kip & Hamilton, James T. & Dockins, P. Christen, 1997. "Conservative versus Mean Risk Assessments: Implications for Superfund Policies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 187-206, November.
    7. Shogo Takahara & Maiko Ikegami & Minoru Yoneda & Hitoshi Kondo & Azusa Ishizaki & Masashi Iijima & Yoko Shimada & Yasuto Matsui, 2017. "Bioaccessibility of Fukushima‐Accident‐Derived Cs in Soils and the Contribution of Soil Ingestion to Radiation Doses in Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(7), pages 1256-1267, July.
    8. Dale Hattis & J Prerna Banati & Rob Goble & David E. Burmaster, 1999. "Human Interindividual Variability in Parameters Related to Health Risks," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(4), pages 711-726, August.
    9. Paul S. Price & Paul K. Scott & Natalie D. Wilson & Dennis J. Paustenbach, 1998. "An Empirical Approach for Deriving Information on Total Duration of Exposure from Information on Historical Exposure," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(5), pages 611-619, October.

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