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Development of a Standard Soil‐to‐Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure

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  • Brent L. Finley
  • Paul K. Scott
  • Douglas A. Mayhall

Abstract

It has recently been suggested that “standard” data distributions for key exposure variables should be developed wherever appropriate for use in probabilistic or “Monte Carlo” exposure analyses. Soil‐on‐skin adherence estimates represent an ideal candidate for development of a standard data distribution: There are several readily available studies which offer a consistent pattern of reported results, and more importantly, soil adherence to skin is likely to vary little from site‐to‐site. In this paper, we thoroughly review each of the published soil adherence studies with respect to study design, sampling, and analytical methods, and level of confidence in the reported results. Based on these studies, probability density functions (PDF) of soil adherence values were examined for different age groups and different sampling techniques. The soil adherence PDF developed from adult data was found to resemble closely the soil adherence PDF based on child data in terms of both central tendency (mean = 0.49 and 0.63 mg‐soil/cm2‐skin, respectively) and 95th percentile values (1.6 and 2.4 mg‐soil/cm2‐skin, respectively). Accordingly, a single, “standard” PDF is presented based on all data collected for all age groups. This standard PDF is lognormally distributed; the arithmetic mean and standard deviation are 0.52 ± 0.9 mg‐soil/cm2‐skin. Since our review of the literature indicates that soil adherence under environmental conditions will be minimally influenced by age, sex, soil type, or particle size, this PDF should be considered applicable to all settings. The 50th and 95th percentile values of the standard PDF (0.25 and 1.7 mg‐soil/cm2‐skin, respectively) are very similar to recent U.S. EPA estimates of “average” and “upper‐bound” soil adherence (0.2 and 1.0 mg‐soil/cm2‐skin, respectively).

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  • Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott & Douglas A. Mayhall, 1994. "Development of a Standard Soil‐to‐Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 555-569, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:14:y:1994:i:4:p:555-569
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00270.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas E. McKone, 1990. "Dermal Uptake of Organic Chemicals from a Soil Matrix," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(3), pages 407-419, September.
    2. P.J. Lioy & N.C.G. Freeman & T. Wainman & A.H. Stern & R. Boesch & T. Howell & S.I. Shupack, 1992. "Microenvironmental Analysis of Residential Exposure to Chromium‐Laden Wastes in and Around New Jersey Homes," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 12(2), pages 287-299, June.
    3. Kimberly M. Thompson & David E. Burmaster & Edmund A.C. Crouch3, 1992. "Monte Carlo Techniques for Quantitative Uncertainty Analysis in Public Health Risk Assessments," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 12(1), pages 53-63, March.
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    1. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott, 1998. "Response to John Kissel's Letter to the Editor “On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 9-11, February.
    2. Pamela R. D. Williams & Jacqueline Patterson & Daniel W. Briggs, 2006. "VCCEP Pilot: Progress on Evaluating Children's Risks and Data Needs," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(3), pages 781-801, June.
    3. John C. Kissel & Karen Y. Richter & Richard A. Fenske, 1996. "Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 115-125, February.
    4. Halûk Özkaynak & Jianping Xue & Valerie G. Zartarian & Graham Glen & Luther Smith, 2011. "Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 592-608, April.
    5. Brent Finley & Deborah Proctor & Paul Scott & Natalie Harrington & Dennis Paustenbach & Paul Price, 1994. "Recommended Distributions for Exposure Factors Frequently Used in Health Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 533-553, August.
    6. Brent Finley & Paul Scott, 1996. "Response to John Kissels' Letter to the Editor “Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(4), pages 443-444, August.
    7. Shogo Takahara & Maiko Ikegami & Minoru Yoneda & Hitoshi Kondo & Azusa Ishizaki & Masashi Iijima & Yoko Shimada & Yasuto Matsui, 2017. "Bioaccessibility of Fukushima‐Accident‐Derived Cs in Soils and the Contribution of Soil Ingestion to Radiation Doses in Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(7), pages 1256-1267, July.
    8. John C. Kissel, 1995. "Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(6), pages 613-614, December.
    9. John C. Kissel, 1998. "On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 5-7, February.
    10. Danielle Medgyesi & Daniel Sewell & Reid Senesac & Oliver Cumming & Jane Mumma & Kelly K Baker, 2019. "The landscape of enteric pathogen exposure of young children in public domains of low-income, urban Kenya: The influence of exposure pathway and spatial range of play on multi-pathogen exposure risks," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-21, March.

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