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Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment

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  • John C. Kissel
  • Karen Y. Richter
  • Richard A. Fenske

Abstract

Estimates of soil adherence to skin are required for assessment of dermal exposures to contaminants in soils. Previously available estimates depend heavily on indirect measurements and/or artificial activities and reflect sampling of hands only. Results are presented here from direct measurement of soil loading on skin surfaces of volunteers before and after normal occupational and recreational activities that might reasonably be expected to lead to soil contact. Skin surfaces assayed included hands, forearms, lower legs, faces and/or feet. Observed hand loadings vary over five orders of magnitude (roughly from 10–3 to 102 mg/cm2) and are dependent upon type of activity. Hand loadings within the current default range of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/cm2 were produced by activities providing opportunity for relatively vigorous soil contact (rugby, farming). Loadings less than 0.2 mg/cm2 were found on hands following activities presenting less opportunity for direct soil contact (soccer, professional grounds maintenance) and on other body parts under many conditions. The default range does not, however, represent a worst case. Children playing in mud on the shore of a lake generated geometric mean loadings well in excess of 1 mg/cm2 on hands, arms, legs, and feet. Post‐activity average loadings on hands were typically higher than average loadings on other body parts resulting from the same activity. Hand data from limited activities cannot, however, be used to conservatively predict loadings that might occur on other body surfaces without regard to activity since non‐hand loadings attributable to higher contact activities exceeded hand loadings resulting from lower contact activities. Differences between pre‐ and post‐activity loadings also demonstrate that dermal contact with soil is episodic. Typical background (pre‐activity) geometric mean loadings appear to be on the order of 10‐2 mg/cm2 or less. Because exposures are activity dependent, quantification of dermal exposure to soil will remain inadequate until data describing relevant human behavior (type of activity, frequency, duration including interval before bathing, clothing worn, etc.) are generated.

Suggested Citation

  • John C. Kissel & Karen Y. Richter & Richard A. Fenske, 1996. "Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 115-125, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:16:y:1996:i:1:p:115-125
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01441.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John C. Kissel, 1995. "Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(6), pages 613-614, December.
    2. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott & Douglas A. Mayhall, 1994. "Development of a Standard Soil‐to‐Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 555-569, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Stuart G. Harris & Barbara L. Harper, 1997. "A Native American Exposure Scenario," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(6), pages 789-795, December.
    2. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott, 1998. "Response to John Kissel's Letter to the Editor “On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 9-11, February.
    3. Nicolas Lopez-Galvez & Jocelyn Claude & Patty Wong & Asa Bradman & Carly Hyland & Rosemary Castorina & Robert A. Canales & Dean Billheimer & Elmira Torabzadeh & James O. Leckie & Paloma I. Beamer, 2022. "Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1–12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Jaspreet S. Gujral & Deborah M. Proctor & Steave H. Su & Joseph M. Fedoruk, 2011. "Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(8), pages 1271-1280, August.
    5. Halûk Özkaynak & Jianping Xue & Valerie G. Zartarian & Graham Glen & Luther Smith, 2011. "Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 592-608, April.
    6. Alesia Ferguson & Ashok Kumar Dwivedi & Esther Ehindero & Foluke Adelabu & Kyra Rattler & Hanna Rose Perone & Larissa Montas & Kristina Mena & Helena Solo-Gabriele, 2020. "Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1, June.
    7. Brent Finley & Paul Scott, 1996. "Response to John Kissels' Letter to the Editor “Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(4), pages 443-444, August.
    8. Jennifer C. Black & Jennifer N. Welday & Brian Buckley & Alesia Ferguson & Patrick L. Gurian & Kristina D. Mena & Ill Yang & Elizabeth McCandlish & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, 2016. "Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Beach Sands Impacted by Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, August.
    9. John C. Kissel, 1998. "On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 5-7, February.

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