IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/riskan/v16y1996i1p115-125.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • John C. Kissel
  • Karen Y. Richter
  • Richard A. Fenske

Abstract

Estimates of soil adherence to skin are required for assessment of dermal exposures to contaminants in soils. Previously available estimates depend heavily on indirect measurements and/or artificial activities and reflect sampling of hands only. Results are presented here from direct measurement of soil loading on skin surfaces of volunteers before and after normal occupational and recreational activities that might reasonably be expected to lead to soil contact. Skin surfaces assayed included hands, forearms, lower legs, faces and/or feet. Observed hand loadings vary over five orders of magnitude (roughly from 10–3 to 102 mg/cm2) and are dependent upon type of activity. Hand loadings within the current default range of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/cm2 were produced by activities providing opportunity for relatively vigorous soil contact (rugby, farming). Loadings less than 0.2 mg/cm2 were found on hands following activities presenting less opportunity for direct soil contact (soccer, professional grounds maintenance) and on other body parts under many conditions. The default range does not, however, represent a worst case. Children playing in mud on the shore of a lake generated geometric mean loadings well in excess of 1 mg/cm2 on hands, arms, legs, and feet. Post‐activity average loadings on hands were typically higher than average loadings on other body parts resulting from the same activity. Hand data from limited activities cannot, however, be used to conservatively predict loadings that might occur on other body surfaces without regard to activity since non‐hand loadings attributable to higher contact activities exceeded hand loadings resulting from lower contact activities. Differences between pre‐ and post‐activity loadings also demonstrate that dermal contact with soil is episodic. Typical background (pre‐activity) geometric mean loadings appear to be on the order of 10‐2 mg/cm2 or less. Because exposures are activity dependent, quantification of dermal exposure to soil will remain inadequate until data describing relevant human behavior (type of activity, frequency, duration including interval before bathing, clothing worn, etc.) are generated.

Suggested Citation

  • John C. Kissel & Karen Y. Richter & Richard A. Fenske, 1996. "Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loading Attributable to Various Activities: Implications for Exposure Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 115-125, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:16:y:1996:i:1:p:115-125
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01441.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01441.x
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01441.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. John C. Kissel, 1995. "Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(6), pages 613-614, December.
    2. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott & Douglas A. Mayhall, 1994. "Development of a Standard Soil‐to‐Skin Adherence Probability Density Function for Use in Monte Carlo Analyses of Dermal Exposure," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 555-569, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Stuart G. Harris & Barbara L. Harper, 1997. "A Native American Exposure Scenario," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(6), pages 789-795, December.
    2. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott, 1998. "Response to John Kissel's Letter to the Editor “On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 9-11, February.
    3. Nicolas Lopez-Galvez & Jocelyn Claude & Patty Wong & Asa Bradman & Carly Hyland & Rosemary Castorina & Robert A. Canales & Dean Billheimer & Elmira Torabzadeh & James O. Leckie & Paloma I. Beamer, 2022. "Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1–12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Jaspreet S. Gujral & Deborah M. Proctor & Steave H. Su & Joseph M. Fedoruk, 2011. "Water Adherence Factors for Human Skin," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(8), pages 1271-1280, August.
    5. Halûk Özkaynak & Jianping Xue & Valerie G. Zartarian & Graham Glen & Luther Smith, 2011. "Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 592-608, April.
    6. Alesia Ferguson & Ashok Kumar Dwivedi & Esther Ehindero & Foluke Adelabu & Kyra Rattler & Hanna Rose Perone & Larissa Montas & Kristina Mena & Helena Solo-Gabriele, 2020. "Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-19, June.
    7. Brent Finley & Paul Scott, 1996. "Response to John Kissels' Letter to the Editor “Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(4), pages 443-444, August.
    8. Jennifer C. Black & Jennifer N. Welday & Brian Buckley & Alesia Ferguson & Patrick L. Gurian & Kristina D. Mena & Ill Yang & Elizabeth McCandlish & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, 2016. "Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Beach Sands Impacted by Oil Spill Chemicals," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, August.
    9. John C. Kissel, 1998. "On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 5-7, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Brent L. Finley & Paul K. Scott, 1998. "Response to John Kissel's Letter to the Editor “On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 9-11, February.
    2. Brent Finley & Paul Scott, 1996. "Response to John Kissels' Letter to the Editor “Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data”," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(4), pages 443-444, August.
    3. John C. Kissel, 1998. "On Construction of a Dermal Soil Adherence PDF: Response to Finley and Scott," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), pages 5-7, February.
    4. Brent Finley & Deborah Proctor & Paul Scott & Natalie Harrington & Dennis Paustenbach & Paul Price, 1994. "Recommended Distributions for Exposure Factors Frequently Used in Health Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 533-553, August.
    5. Danielle Medgyesi & Daniel Sewell & Reid Senesac & Oliver Cumming & Jane Mumma & Kelly K Baker, 2019. "The landscape of enteric pathogen exposure of young children in public domains of low-income, urban Kenya: The influence of exposure pathway and spatial range of play on multi-pathogen exposure risks," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-21, March.
    6. Halûk Özkaynak & Jianping Xue & Valerie G. Zartarian & Graham Glen & Luther Smith, 2011. "Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 592-608, April.
    7. Shogo Takahara & Maiko Ikegami & Minoru Yoneda & Hitoshi Kondo & Azusa Ishizaki & Masashi Iijima & Yoko Shimada & Yasuto Matsui, 2017. "Bioaccessibility of Fukushima‐Accident‐Derived Cs in Soils and the Contribution of Soil Ingestion to Radiation Doses in Children," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(7), pages 1256-1267, July.
    8. Pamela R. D. Williams & Jacqueline Patterson & Daniel W. Briggs, 2006. "VCCEP Pilot: Progress on Evaluating Children's Risks and Data Needs," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(3), pages 781-801, June.
    9. John C. Kissel, 1995. "Characterization of Soil Adherence to Skin: Impact of Historical Misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(6), pages 613-614, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:16:y:1996:i:1:p:115-125. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1539-6924 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.