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Innovation technologique, changements organisationnels et évolution des compétences

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  • Nathalie Greenan

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[fre] Innovation technologique, changements organisationnels et évolution des compétences . Une étude empirique sur l'industrie manufacturière . Innovation technologique, changements dans l'organisation de la production et évolution des compétences sont fortement interdépendants. Pour dresser un état des lieux de ces différents types de changements et analyser leurs relations, cet article exploite une source originale, l'enquête Changement organisationnel, menée auprès des entreprises industrielles par le Sessi (ministère de l'Industrie). . Entre 1 988 et 1 993, les entreprises industrielles françaises ont fait un effort important pour se moderniser : plus des deux tiers ont adopté des technologies de production avancées et presque autant ont largement modifié l'organisation interne de leurs ateliers. Les changements d'organisation s'effectuent principalement vers plus de flexibilité pour 25 % des entreprises, vers une spécialisation technique du personnel (« technicisation ») plus grande pour 1 7 % d'entre elles et une centralisation et une hiérarchisation plus forte pour 22 %. Les PMI optent plutôt pour le second modèle et les entreprises de plus grande taille s'orientent plus souvent vers le modèle de l'entreprise flexible en ayant aussi davantage recours aux nouvelles technologies de production. . Les changements technologiques sont plutôt motivés par une stratégie de différenciation des produits, alors que les changements d'organisation sont plus fortement liés à la recherche de la qualité. Les orientations vers le modèle de l'entreprise flexible ainsi que vers la technicisation (à taille, secteur et stratégie donnés) sont associées à un investissement important et diversifié en technologies de production avancées. Changements technologiques et changements d'organisation sont donc complémentaires. [eng] Technological Innovation, Organizational Changes and the Development of Skills: . An Empirical Study of the Manufacturing Industry . Technological innovation, changes in production organization and the development of skills are highly interdependent. This article draws on a new source, the Sessi (Ministry of Industry) Organizational Change survey of industrial firms, to take stock of these different types of changes and analyze their relationships. . From 1988 to 1993, French industrial firms invested substantially in modernization. Over two-thirds of them adopted advanced production technologies and virtually as many made considerable changes to the internal organization of their workshops. Some 25% of the firms concentrated on organizational changes for more flexibility, 1 7% on increasing the technical specialization of . their employees, and 22% on greater centralization and a more distinct hierarchy. The SMIs opted more for the second model while the larger firms more often preferred the flexible enterprise model and new production technologies. . Technological changes are motivated more by a product differentiation strategy, while organizational changes have more to do with aiming for improved quality. Shifts to the flexible enterprise model and greater technical specialization (at given sizes, sectors and strategies) are associated with a large and diversified investment in advanced production technologies. Technological changes and organizational changes are therefore complementary. [ger] Technologische Innovation, organisatorische Ànderungen und Qualifikationsentwicklung . Eine empirische Untersuchung ùber die verarbeitende Industrie . Zwischen technologischer Innovation, Anderungen in der Produktionsorganisation und Qualifikationsentwicklung besteht ein enger Zusammenhang. Um eine Bestands- aufnahme dieser verschiedenen Arten von Ànderungen vorzunehmen und ihre Beziehungen untereinander zu analysieren, wird in diesem Artikel eine ùberaus intéressante Quelle benutzt, und zwar die Erhebung "Changement organisationnel" (organisatorische Ànderung), die vom Amt zur Untersuchung von Industrie- strategien und -statistiken (SESSI) des franzôsischen Industrieministeriums durchgefùhrt wurde. . Zwischen 1988 und 1993 unternahmen die franzôsischen Industrieunternehmen erhebliche Modernisie- rungsanstrengungen; denn mehr als zwei Drittel haben hochtechnologische Produktionsmittel eingefùhrt und fast genauso viele haben die interne Organisation in ihren Werken weitgehend geândert. Die Organisations- ânderungen zielen bei 25% der Unternehmen hauptsàchlich auf mehr Flexibilitât, bei 17% von ihnen auf eine grôBere technische Spezialisierung des Personals ("Technisierung") und bei 22% auf eine stârkere Zentralisierung und Hierarchisierung ab. Die KMU entscheiden sich eher fur das zweite Modell, wàhrend die grôBeren Unternehmen ôfters das Modell des flexiblen Unternehmens wâhlen, wobei sie auch verstàrkt neue Produktionstechnologien einfùhren. . Die technologischen Ànderungen sind eher durch eine Stratégie der Produktdifferenzierung bedingt, wâhrend die organisatorischen Ànderungen in stârkerem MaBe auf eine Qualitàtssteigerung abzielen. Die Wahl des Modells des flexiblen Unternehmens sowie der "Technisierung" (bei gleicher Grô3e, gleichem Sektor und gleicher Stratégie) erfordert erhebliche und diversifizierte Investitionen in hochtechnologische Produktionsverfahren. Technologische Ànderungen und organisatorische Ànderungen sind somit komplementàr. [spa] Innovacion tecnolôgica, cambios organizacionales y evoluciôn de las habilidades . Un estudio empfrico sobre la industria manufacturera . Innovacion tecnolôgica, cambios en la organizaciôn de la producciôn y evoluciôn de las habilidades son fuertemente interdependientes. Para esbozar un cuadro general de diferentes tipos de cambios y analizar sus relaciones, este artfculo se vale de una fuente original, la encuesta Cambios organizacionales, Nevada a cabo acerca de empresas industrials por el Sessi (ministerio de industria). . Entre 1 988 y 1 993, las empresas industrials f rancesas hicieron un esfuerzo importante para modernizarse : mâs de las dos terceras partes han adoptado unas tecnologfas de producciôn avanzadas y otro tanto han modificado sustancialmente la organizaciôn interna de sus talleres. Los cambios de organizaciôn apuntan en lo esencial a mayor flexibilidad para el 25 % de las empresas, a una especializaciôn técnica del personal ("tecnicizaciôn") mayor para el 1 7 % y a una centralizaciôn y jerarquizaciôn mâs fuerte para el 22 %. Las Pymes escogen mâs bien el segundo tipo y las empresas de mayor tamano se dirigen mâs a menudo hacia un tipo de empresa flexible, al recurrir también a nuevas tecnologfas de producciôn. . Los cambios tecnolôgicos son mâs bien motivados por una estrategia de diferenciaciôn de los productos, y los cambios de organizaciôn son mâs fuertemente ligados a la busca de la calidad. Las orientaciones hacia el modelo de la empresa flexible asi como la tecnicizaciôn (a tamano, sector y estrategia dados) se asocian con una inversion importante y diversificada en tecnologfas de producciôn avanzadas. Cambios tecnolôgicos y cambios de organizaciôn son, por tanto, complementarios.

Suggested Citation

  • Nathalie Greenan, 1996. "Innovation technologique, changements organisationnels et évolution des compétences," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 298(1), pages 15-33.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1996_num_298_1_6152
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1996.6152
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1996.6152
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Howell, David R & Wolff, Edward N, 1992. "Technical Change and the Demand for Skills by U.S. Industries," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 16(2), pages 127-146, June.
    2. Paul Osterman, 1994. "How Common is Workplace Transformation and Who Adopts it?," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 47(2), pages 173-188, January.
    3. Nathalie Greenan & Dominique Guellec, 1994. "Organisation du travail, technologie et performances : une étude empirique," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 113(2), pages 39-56.
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    1. Piva, Mariacristina & Santarelli, Enrico & Vivarelli, Marco, 2005. "The skill bias effect of technological and organisational change: Evidence and policy implications," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 141-157, March.
    2. Nathalie Greenan & Yannick L’Horty, 2002. "Le paradoxe de la productivité," Documents de recherche 02-02, Centre d'Études des Politiques Économiques (EPEE), Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne.
    3. Hamdouch, A. & Samuelides, E., 2000. "Inoovation's Dynamics in Mobile Phone Services in France," Papiers d'Economie Mathématique et Applications 2000.26, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1).
    4. Luc Behaghel, 2006. "Changement technologique et formation tout au long de la vie," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 57(6), pages 1351-1382.
    5. Benjamin Coriat, 2004. "The State of Organizational Reform in European Firms: Evidence from a Comparative Overview of Ten EU Countries," LEM Papers Series 2004/04, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    6. Caroli, Ève, 2004. "Note de synthèse sur l'emploi des travailleurs âgés face à l'innovation," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 0503, CEPREMAP.
    7. Caroli, Eve & Greenan, Nathalie & Guellec, Dominique, 1997. "Organisational change and human capital accumulation," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 9719, CEPREMAP.
    8. Maurizio Pugno & Sara Depedri, 2010. "Job Performance and Job Satisfaction: An Integrated Survey," Economia politica, Società editrice il Mulino, issue 1, pages 175-210.
    9. Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa & Eve Caroli & Philippe Aghion, 1999. "Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 37(4), pages 1615-1660, December.
    10. Rosemary Batt & Hiroatsu Nohara & Hyunji Kwon, 2010. "Employer Strategies and Wages in New Service Activities: A Comparison of Co‐ordinated and Liberal Market Economies," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 48(2), pages 400-435, June.

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