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Bio-inspired electronics: Soft, biohybrid, and “living” neural interfaces

Author

Listed:
  • Dimitris Boufidis

    (University of Pennsylvania
    Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center
    University of Pennsylvania)

  • Raghav Garg

    (University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania)

  • Eugenia Angelopoulos

    (University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania)

  • D. Kacy Cullen

    (University of Pennsylvania
    Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center
    University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania)

  • Flavia Vitale

    (University of Pennsylvania
    Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center
    University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania)

Abstract

Neural interface technologies are increasingly evolving towards bio-inspired approaches to enhance integration and long-term functionality. Recent strategies merge soft materials with tissue engineering to realize biologically-active and/or cell-containing living layers at the tissue-device interface that enable seamless biointegration and novel cell-mediated therapeutic opportunities. This review maps the field of bio-inspired electronics and discusses key recent developments in tissue-like and regenerative bioelectronics, from soft biomaterials and surface-functionalized bioactive coatings to cell-containing ‘biohybrid’ and ‘all-living’ interfaces. We define and contextualize key terminology in this emerging field and highlight how biological and living components can bridge the gap to clinical translation.

Suggested Citation

  • Dimitris Boufidis & Raghav Garg & Eugenia Angelopoulos & D. Kacy Cullen & Flavia Vitale, 2025. "Bio-inspired electronics: Soft, biohybrid, and “living” neural interfaces," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-57016-0
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57016-0
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