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Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide

Author

Listed:
  • Robert Stockill

    (Delft University of Technology
    QphoX B.V.)

  • Moritz Forsch

    (Delft University of Technology)

  • Frederick Hijazi

    (Delft University of Technology
    QphoX B.V.)

  • Grégoire Beaudoin

    (Université Paris-Saclay, C2N)

  • Konstantinos Pantzas

    (Université Paris-Saclay, C2N)

  • Isabelle Sagnes

    (Université Paris-Saclay, C2N)

  • Rémy Braive

    (Université Paris-Saclay, C2N
    Université Paris-Cité
    Institut Universitaire de France (IUF))

  • Simon Gröblacher

    (Delft University of Technology
    QphoX B.V.)

Abstract

Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate bi-directional on-chip conversion between microwave and optical frequencies, realized by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one. Alternatively, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, we demonstrate that we induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Stockill & Moritz Forsch & Frederick Hijazi & Grégoire Beaudoin & Konstantinos Pantzas & Isabelle Sagnes & Rémy Braive & Simon Gröblacher, 2022. "Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:13:y:2022:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-022-34338-x
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34338-x
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    Cited by:

    1. I-Tung Chen & Bingzhao Li & Seokhyeong Lee & Srivatsa Chakravarthi & Kai-Mei Fu & Mo Li, 2023. "Optomechanical ring resonator for efficient microwave-optical frequency conversion," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    2. Yulong Liu & Huanying Sun & Qichun Liu & Haihua Wu & Mika A. Sillanpää & Tiefu Li, 2025. "Degeneracy-breaking and long-lived multimode microwave electromechanical systems enabled by cubic silicon-carbide membrane crystals," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Xin Ge Zhang & Ya Lun Sun & Bingcheng Zhu & Han Wei Tian & Bo Yuan Wang & Zaichen Zhang & Cheng-Wei Qiu & Tie Jun Cui & Wei Xiang Jiang, 2025. "Wireless microwave-to-optical conversion via programmable metasurface without DC supply," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-10, December.

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