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Cognitive Gap and Correlation of Safety-I and Safety-II: A Case of Maritime Shipping Safety Management

Author

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  • Weiliang Qiao

    (Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • Yang Liu

    (School of Maritime and Economic, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • Xiaoxue Ma

    (School of Maritime and Economic, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
    Public Administration and Humanities College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

  • He Lan

    (School of Maritime and Economic, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China)

Abstract

In contrast to the conventional safety management principle, namely, safety-I, which focuses on “what goes wrong”, a new-born safety philosophy (safety-II) inspires people to investigate “how and why things go right”. In the present study, the cognitive difference and correlation between safety-I and safety-II in the maritime shipping industry are explored and investigated. For this purpose, a questionnaire is administered to survey seafarers and maritime experts, and semi-structured interviews are conducted to collect original data associated with safety-I and safety-II. Then, the data from seafarers and maritime experts are further processed by empirical statistical methods and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. The results show that impacting factors associated with individual aspects are usually accepted as dominant with respect to views of safety-I, while organizational factors are more influential for safety-II, which is essential to developing an organizational resilience capacity. Based on the findings and discussions, potential safety countermeasures that integrate safety-I and safety-II are proposed in this article. The present study discusses the new-born safety-II perspective to elucidate the safety issues associated with maritime shipping operations, which can be seen as the main innovation of this work.

Suggested Citation

  • Weiliang Qiao & Yang Liu & Xiaoxue Ma & He Lan, 2021. "Cognitive Gap and Correlation of Safety-I and Safety-II: A Case of Maritime Shipping Safety Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-24, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:10:p:5509-:d:554795
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Wenjun Zhang & Yingjun Zhang & Weiliang Qiao, 2022. "Risk Scenario Evaluation for Intelligent Ships by Mapping Hierarchical Holographic Modeling into Risk Filtering, Ranking and Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Weiliang Qiao & Enze Huang & Hongtongyang Guo & Yang Liu & Xiaoxue Ma, 2022. "Barriers Involved in the Safety Management Systems: A Systematic Review of Literature," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-35, August.
    3. Yu, Yuerong & Liu, Kezhong & Fu, Shanshan & Chen, Jihong, 2024. "Framework for process risk analysis of maritime accidents based on resilience theory: A case study of grounding accidents in Arctic waters," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    4. Federica De Leo & Valerio Elia & Maria Grazia Gnoni & Fabiana Tornese, 2023. "Integrating Safety-I and Safety-II Approaches in Near Miss Management: A Critical Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-14, January.

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