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Balancing Safety I and Safety II: Learning to manage performance variability at sea using simulator-based training

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  • Wahl, Aud
  • Kongsvik, Trond
  • Antonsen, Stian

Abstract

The article explores how simulator-based training of professional maritime deck officers can improve the management of performance variability and safety during critical operations at sea. The research has a qualitative design and is based on observational data from two different training programmes and interviews with simulator instructors and experienced mariners attending these programmes. Learning and performance variability in this specific context is explored through the lenses of Resilience Engineering. The study aims to provide guidance to practitioners and researchers on how to achieve resilient performance. The data illustrates three key aspects in learning to manage variability: the ability to prevent adverse events by recognising anomalies and solve problems in a flexible manner, the ability to define limits of action through shared knowledge and the ability to operate the system with confidence. The results indicate that the simulator offers a necessary backdrop for realistic tasks that forms the basis for experiential learning and joint reflection among professionals. The study demonstrates that history of failure works as a repository for highlighting and improving the skills and confidence needed to deal with situational complexity and to maintain operational variability.

Suggested Citation

  • Wahl, Aud & Kongsvik, Trond & Antonsen, Stian, 2020. "Balancing Safety I and Safety II: Learning to manage performance variability at sea using simulator-based training," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:195:y:2020:i:c:s0951832019303151
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2019.106698
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Woods, David D., 2015. "Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience engineering," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 5-9.
    2. Righi, Angela Weber & Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu & Wachs, Priscila, 2015. "A systematic literature review of resilience engineering: Research areas and a research agenda proposal," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 142-152.
    3. Bergström, Johan & van Winsen, Roel & Henriqson, Eder, 2015. "On the rationale of resilience in the domain of safety: A literature review," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 131-141.
    4. Praetorius, Gesa & Hollnagel, Erik & Dahlman, Joakim, 2015. "Modelling Vessel Traffic Service to understand resilience in everyday operations," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 10-21.
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    Cited by:

    1. Weiliang Qiao & Yang Liu & Xiaoxue Ma & He Lan, 2021. "Cognitive Gap and Correlation of Safety-I and Safety-II: A Case of Maritime Shipping Safety Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-24, May.
    2. Fabrizio Bracco & Michele Masini & Donald Glowinski & Tommaso Piccinno & Simon Schaerlaeken, 2021. "Simulation as a Training Method for Electricity Workers’ Safety," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-18, February.

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