IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v10y2022i8p1234-d790090.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Predicting Stock Price Changes Based on the Limit Order Book: A Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Ilia Zaznov

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK)

  • Julian Kunkel

    (Department of Computer Science/GWDG, University of Göttingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany)

  • Alfonso Dufour

    (ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DL, UK)

  • Atta Badii

    (Department of Computer Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK)

Abstract

This survey starts with a general overview of the strategies for stock price change predictions based on market data and in particular Limit Order Book (LOB) data. The main discussion is devoted to the systematic analysis, comparison, and critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art studies in the research area of stock price movement predictions based on LOB data. LOB and Order Flow data are two of the most valuable information sources available to traders on the stock markets. Academic researchers are actively exploring the application of different quantitative methods and algorithms for this type of data to predict stock price movements. With the advancements in machine learning and subsequently in deep learning, the complexity and computational intensity of these models was growing, as well as the claimed predictive power. Some researchers claim accuracy of stock price movement prediction well in excess of 80%. These models are now commonly employed by automated market-making programs to set bids and ask quotes. If these results were also applicable to arbitrage trading strategies, then those algorithms could make a fortune for their developers. Thus, the open question is whether these results could be used to generate buy and sell signals that could be exploited with active trading. Therefore, this survey paper is intended to answer this question by reviewing these results and scrutinising their reliability. The ultimate conclusion from this analysis is that although considerable progress was achieved in this direction, even the state-of-art models can not guarantee a consistent profit in active trading. Taking this into account several suggestions for future research in this area were formulated along the three dimensions: input data, model’s architecture, and experimental setup. In particular, from the input data perspective, it is critical that the dataset is properly processed, up-to-date, and its size is sufficient for the particular model training. From the model architecture perspective, even though deep learning models are demonstrating a stronger performance than classical models, they are also more prone to over-fitting. To avoid over-fitting it is suggested to optimize the feature space, as well as a number of layers and neurons, and apply dropout functionality. The over-fitting problem can be also addressed by optimising the experimental setup in several ways: Introducing the early stopping mechanism; Saving the best weights of the model achieved during the training; Testing the model on the out-of-sample data, which should be separated from the validation and training samples. Finally, it is suggested to always conduct the trading simulation under realistic market conditions considering transactions costs, bid–ask spreads, and market impact.

Suggested Citation

  • Ilia Zaznov & Julian Kunkel & Alfonso Dufour & Atta Badii, 2022. "Predicting Stock Price Changes Based on the Limit Order Book: A Survey," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-33, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:10:y:2022:i:8:p:1234-:d:790090
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/8/1234/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/8/1234/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dat Thanh Tran & Martin Magris & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2017. "Tensor Representation in High-Frequency Financial Data for Price Change Prediction," Papers 1709.01268, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2017.
    2. Rama Cont & Arseniy Kukanov & Sasha Stoikov, 2014. "The Price Impact of Order Book Events," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 47-88.
    3. Zihao Zhang & Bryan Lim & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Deep Learning for Market by Order Data," Papers 2102.08811, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2021.
    4. Dat Thanh Tran & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2021. "Bilinear Input Normalization for Neural Networks in Financial Forecasting," Papers 2109.00983, arXiv.org.
    5. Zihao Zhang & Bryan Lim & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Deep Learning for Market by Order Data," Applied Mathematical Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(1), pages 79-95, January.
    6. Dat Thanh Tran & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2020. "Data Normalization for Bilinear Structures in High-Frequency Financial Time-series," Papers 2003.00598, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2020.
    7. Myles Sjogren & Timothy DeLise, 2021. "General Compound Hawkes Processes for Mid-Price Prediction," Papers 2110.07075, arXiv.org.
    8. Tej Bahadur Shahi & Ashish Shrestha & Arjun Neupane & William Guo, 2020. "Stock Price Forecasting with Deep Learning: A Comparative Study," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-15, August.
    9. Dat Thanh Tran & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2019. "Data-driven Neural Architecture Learning For Financial Time-series Forecasting," Papers 1903.06751, arXiv.org.
    10. Tanaka-Yamawaki, Mieko & Tokuoka, Seiji, 2007. "Adaptive use of technical indicators for the prediction of intra-day stock prices," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 383(1), pages 125-133.
    11. Alec N. Kercheval & Yuan Zhang, 2015. "Modelling high-frequency limit order book dynamics with support vector machines," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(8), pages 1315-1329, August.
    12. James Wallbridge, 2020. "Transformers for Limit Order Books," Papers 2003.00130, arXiv.org.
    13. Zihao Zhang & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Units," Papers 2105.10430, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2021.
    14. Suhui Liu & Xiaodong Zhang & Ying Wang & Guoming Feng, 2020. "Recurrent convolutional neural kernel model for stock price movement prediction," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-18, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ye, Wuyi & Yang, Jinting & Chen, Pengzhan, 2024. "Short-term stock price trend prediction with imaging high frequency limit order book data," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 1189-1205.
    2. Matteo Prata & Giuseppe Masi & Leonardo Berti & Viviana Arrigoni & Andrea Coletta & Irene Cannistraci & Svitlana Vyetrenko & Paola Velardi & Novella Bartolini, 2023. "LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Study," Papers 2308.01915, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2023.
    3. Antonio Briola & Silvia Bartolucci & Tomaso Aste, 2024. "Deep Limit Order Book Forecasting," Papers 2403.09267, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Petter N. Kolm & Jeremy Turiel & Nicholas Westray, 2023. "Deep order flow imbalance: Extracting alpha at multiple horizons from the limit order book," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(4), pages 1044-1081, October.
    2. Matteo Prata & Giuseppe Masi & Leonardo Berti & Viviana Arrigoni & Andrea Coletta & Irene Cannistraci & Svitlana Vyetrenko & Paola Velardi & Novella Bartolini, 2023. "LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Study," Papers 2308.01915, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2023.
    3. Peer Nagy & Jan-Peter Calliess & Stefan Zohren, 2023. "Asynchronous Deep Double Duelling Q-Learning for Trading-Signal Execution in Limit Order Book Markets," Papers 2301.08688, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2023.
    4. Konark Jain & Nick Firoozye & Jonathan Kochems & Philip Treleaven, 2024. "Limit Order Book Simulations: A Review," Papers 2402.17359, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2024.
    5. Zihao Zhang & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Units," Papers 2105.10430, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2021.
    6. Yufei Wu & Mahmoud Mahfouz & Daniele Magazzeni & Manuela Veloso, 2021. "Towards Robust Representation of Limit Orders Books for Deep Learning Models," Papers 2110.05479, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2022.
    7. Hong Guo & Jianwu Lin & Fanlin Huang, 2023. "Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Books," Papers 2305.15821, arXiv.org.
    8. Antonio Briola & Silvia Bartolucci & Tomaso Aste, 2024. "HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Books," Papers 2405.18938, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
    9. Jian Guo & Heung-Yeung Shum, 2024. "Large Investment Model," Papers 2408.10255, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2024.
    10. Matthew F Dixon, 2017. "Sequence Classification of the Limit Order Book using Recurrent Neural Networks," Papers 1707.05642, arXiv.org.
    11. Adamantios Ntakaris & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2020. "Mid-price prediction based on machine learning methods with technical and quantitative indicators," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-39, June.
    12. Mahmut Bağcı & Pınar Kaya Soylu & Selçuk Kıran, 2024. "The Symmetric and Asymmetric Algorithmic Trading Strategies for the Stablecoins," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 64(5), pages 2663-2684, November.
    13. Ymir Mäkinen & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2019. "Forecasting jump arrivals in stock prices: new attention-based network architecture using limit order book data," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(12), pages 2033-2050, December.
    14. Martin Magris & Mostafa Shabani & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2022. "Bayesian Bilinear Neural Network for Predicting the Mid-price Dynamics in Limit-Order Book Markets," Papers 2203.03613, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2023.
    15. Nikolaos Passalis & Anastasios Tefas & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2019. "Temporal Logistic Neural Bag-of-Features for Financial Time series Forecasting leveraging Limit Order Book Data," Papers 1901.08280, arXiv.org.
    16. Adamantios Ntakaris & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2019. "Mid-price Prediction Based on Machine Learning Methods with Technical and Quantitative Indicators," Papers 1907.09452, arXiv.org.
    17. Luca Mucciante & Alessio Sancetta, 2023. "Estimation of an Order Book Dependent Hawkes Process for Large Datasets," Papers 2307.09077, arXiv.org.
    18. Adamantios Ntakaris & Giorgio Mirone & Juho Kanniainen & Moncef Gabbouj & Alexandros Iosifidis, 2019. "Feature Engineering for Mid-Price Prediction with Deep Learning," Papers 1904.05384, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2019.
    19. Wei Dai & Yuan An & Wen Long, 2021. "Price change prediction of ultra high frequency financial data based on temporal convolutional network," Papers 2107.00261, arXiv.org.
    20. Mahmoud Mahfouz & Angelos Filos & Cyrine Chtourou & Joshua Lockhart & Samuel Assefa & Manuela Veloso & Danilo Mandic & Tucker Balch, 2019. "On the Importance of Opponent Modeling in Auction Markets," Papers 1911.12816, arXiv.org.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:10:y:2022:i:8:p:1234-:d:790090. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.