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Deep Learning for Market by Order Data

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  • Zihao Zhang
  • Bryan Lim
  • Stefan Zohren

Abstract

Market by order (MBO) data – a detailed feed of individual trade instructions for a given stock on an exchange – is arguably one of the most granular sources of microstructure information. While limit order books (LOBs) are implicitly derived from it, MBO data is largely neglected by current academic literature, which focuses primarily on LOB modelling. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of MBO data for forecasting high-frequency price movements, providing an orthogonal source of information to LOB snapshots and expanding the universe of alpha discovery. We provide the first predictive analysis on MBO data by carefully introducing the data structure and presenting a specific normalization scheme to consider level information in order books and to allow model training with multiple instruments. Through forecasting experiments using deep neural networks, we show that while MBO-driven and LOB-driven models individually provide similar performance, ensembles of the two can lead to improvements in forecasting accuracy – indicating that MBO data is additive to LOB-based features.

Suggested Citation

  • Zihao Zhang & Bryan Lim & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Deep Learning for Market by Order Data," Applied Mathematical Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(1), pages 79-95, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:apmtfi:v:28:y:2021:i:1:p:79-95
    DOI: 10.1080/1350486X.2021.1967767
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Ilia Zaznov & Julian Kunkel & Alfonso Dufour & Atta Badii, 2022. "Predicting Stock Price Changes Based on the Limit Order Book: A Survey," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-33, April.
    2. Antonio Briola & Silvia Bartolucci & Tomaso Aste, 2024. "HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Books," Papers 2405.18938, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
    3. Briola, Antonio & Bartolucci, Silvia & Aste, Tomaso, 2025. "HLOB–Information persistence and structure in limit order books," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 126623, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Peer Nagy & Jan-Peter Calliess & Stefan Zohren, 2023. "Asynchronous Deep Double Duelling Q-Learning for Trading-Signal Execution in Limit Order Book Markets," Papers 2301.08688, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2023.
    5. Jian Guo & Heung-Yeung Shum, 2024. "Large Investment Model," Papers 2408.10255, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2024.
    6. Mahmut Bağcı & Pınar Kaya Soylu & Selçuk Kıran, 2024. "The Symmetric and Asymmetric Algorithmic Trading Strategies for the Stablecoins," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 64(5), pages 2663-2684, November.
    7. Konark Jain & Nick Firoozye & Jonathan Kochems & Philip Treleaven, 2024. "Limit Order Book Simulations: A Review," Papers 2402.17359, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2024.
    8. Petter N. Kolm & Jeremy Turiel & Nicholas Westray, 2023. "Deep order flow imbalance: Extracting alpha at multiple horizons from the limit order book," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(4), pages 1044-1081, October.
    9. Zihao Zhang & Stefan Zohren, 2021. "Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Units," Papers 2105.10430, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2021.

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