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PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability

Author

Listed:
  • Yan Wang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Hao Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Xuan Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Pengchu Bai

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Andrey Neroda

    (Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia)

  • Vassily F. Mishukov

    (Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia)

  • Lulu Zhang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Seiya Nagao

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan
    Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

Abstract

Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Vladivostok, Russia, which is a typical port city. This study investigated the concentration, potential sources, and long-term variation in particle PAHs and NPAHs in the atmosphere of Vladivostok. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer (PAHs: winter: 18.6 ± 9.80 ng/m 3 summer: 0.54 ± 0.21 ng/m 3 ; NPAHs: winter: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m 3 summer: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m 3 ). The diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs and NPAHs mainly came from vehicle emissions in both seasons, while heating systems were the main source of air pollution in winter. The TEQ assessment values were 2.90 ng/m 3 and 0.06 ng/m 3 in winter and summer, respectively, suggesting a significant excess cancer risk in the general population in winter. The ILCR values conveyed a potential carcinogenic risk because the value was between 1 × 10 −5 and 1 × 10 −7 and ingestion was a main contributor in Vladivostok. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs showed an overall downward trend from 1999 to 2020. An important reason for this is the cogenerations project implemented by the Far Eastern Center for Strategic Research on Fuel and Energy Complex Development in 2010. This research clarified the latest variations in PAHs and NPAHs to provide continuous observation data for future chemical reaction or model prediction research.

Suggested Citation

  • Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2878-:d:762042
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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