IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i5p2878-d762042.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability

Author

Listed:
  • Yan Wang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Hao Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Xuan Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Pengchu Bai

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Andrey Neroda

    (Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia)

  • Vassily F. Mishukov

    (Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia)

  • Lulu Zhang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Seiya Nagao

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan
    Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan)

Abstract

Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Vladivostok, Russia, which is a typical port city. This study investigated the concentration, potential sources, and long-term variation in particle PAHs and NPAHs in the atmosphere of Vladivostok. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer (PAHs: winter: 18.6 ± 9.80 ng/m 3 summer: 0.54 ± 0.21 ng/m 3 ; NPAHs: winter: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m 3 summer: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m 3 ). The diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs and NPAHs mainly came from vehicle emissions in both seasons, while heating systems were the main source of air pollution in winter. The TEQ assessment values were 2.90 ng/m 3 and 0.06 ng/m 3 in winter and summer, respectively, suggesting a significant excess cancer risk in the general population in winter. The ILCR values conveyed a potential carcinogenic risk because the value was between 1 × 10 −5 and 1 × 10 −7 and ingestion was a main contributor in Vladivostok. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs showed an overall downward trend from 1999 to 2020. An important reason for this is the cogenerations project implemented by the Far Eastern Center for Strategic Research on Fuel and Energy Complex Development in 2010. This research clarified the latest variations in PAHs and NPAHs to provide continuous observation data for future chemical reaction or model prediction research.

Suggested Citation

  • Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2878-:d:762042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/5/2878/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/5/2878/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xuan Zhang & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Wanli Xing & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Kyung Hwa Jung & Beizhan Yan & Steven N. Chillrud & Frederica P. Perera & Robin Whyatt & David Camann & Patrick L. Kinney & Rachel L. Miller, 2010. "Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Residential Indoor versus Outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposing Young Children in New York City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-12, April.
    3. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.
    4. Qin Yang & Huaguo Chen & Baizhan Li, 2015. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dusts of Guizhou, Southwest of China: Status, Sources and Potential Human Health Risk," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-17, February.
    5. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    6. Lu Yang & Genki Suzuki & Lulu Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Masayuki Shima & Yoshiko Yoda & Ryohei Nakatsubo & Takatoshi Hiraki & Baijun Sun & Wenhua Fu & Hongye Qi & Kazuichi Hayaka, 2019. "The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-11, August.
    7. Batdelger Byambaa & Lu Yang & Atsushi Matsuki & Edward G. Nagato & Khongor Gankhuyag & Byambatseren Chuluunpurev & Lkhagvajargal Banzragch & Sonomdagva Chonokhuu & Ning Tang & Kazuichi Hayakawa, 2019. "Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, February.
    8. Xuan Zhang & Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2021. "Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    9. Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.
    2. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    3. Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Lulu Zhang & Ning Tang, 2022. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Takashi Kubo & Wenzhi Bai & Masaki Nagae & Yuji Takao, 2020. "Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Xuan Zhang & Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2021. "Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    7. Hao Zhang & Lu Yang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Ying Li & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    8. Rogers Kanee & Precious Ede & Omosivie Maduka & Golden Owhonda & Eric Aigbogun & Khalaf F. Alsharif & Ahmed H. Qasem & Shadi S. Alkhayyat & Gaber El-Saber Batiha, 2021. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in Wistar Rats Exposed to Ambient Air of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: An Indicator for Tissue Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-21, May.
    9. Ivana Jakovljević & Marija Dvoršćak & Karla Jagić & Darija Klinčić, 2022. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    10. Xiaoyang Yang & Shijie Liu & Yuanguan Gao & Wenjuan Zhao & Yu Liu & Jingying Mao & Zhaoyu Mo, 2020. "Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-13, February.
    11. Mohamed Hamza EL-Saeid & Abdulaziz G. Alghamdi & Abdulhakim Jari Alzahrani, 2023. "Impact of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Falling Dust in Urban Area Settings: Status, Chemical Composition, Sources and Potential Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.
    12. Mansour A. Alghamdi & Salwa K. Hassan & Noura A. Alzahrani & Marwan Y. Al Sharif & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2020. "Classroom Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jeddah Primary Schools, Saudi Arabia: Level, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-23, April.
    13. Minkyung Kang & Kiae Kim & Narae Choi & Yong Pyo Kim & Ji Yi Lee, 2020. "Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-17, February.
    14. Gabriel Sousa & Joana Teixeira & Cristina Delerue-Matos & Bruno Sarmento & Simone Morais & Xianyu Wang & Francisca Rodrigues & Marta Oliveira, 2022. "Exposure to PAHs during Firefighting Activities: A Review on Skin Levels, In Vitro/In Vivo Bioavailability, and Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-22, October.
    15. Rodrigo Mundo & Tetsuya Matsunaka & Hisanori Iwai & Shouzo Ogiso & Nobuo Suzuki & Ning Tang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao, 2020. "Interannual Survey on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seawater of North Nanao Bay, Ishikawa, Japan, from 2015 to 2018: Sources, Pathways and Ecological Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-15, February.
    16. Xuan Zhang & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Wanli Xing & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    17. Gordana Pehnec & Ivana Jakovljević, 2018. "Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-25, November.
    18. Jenni A. Shearston & A. Mychal Johnson & Arce Domingo-Relloso & Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou & Diana Hernández & James Ross & Steven N. Chillrud & Markus Hilpert, 2020. "Opening a Large Delivery Service Warehouse in the South Bronx: Impacts on Traffic, Air Pollution, and Noise," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-19, May.
    19. Nor Ashikin Sopian & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar & Titi Rahmawati Hamedon & Mohd Talib Latif, 2021. "Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    20. Simeng Li, 2024. "Reviewing Air Pollutants Generated during the Pyrolysis of Solid Waste for Biofuel and Biochar Production: Toward Cleaner Production Practices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-30, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2878-:d:762042. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.