IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v15y2018i11p2485-d181243.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

Author

Listed:
  • Gordana Pehnec

    (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Ivana Jakovljević

    (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are bound to particulate matter can have adverse effects on human health. Particle size plays an important role in assessing health risks. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of PAHs bound to particle fractions PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 , as well as to estimate their carcinogenic potency and relative contributions of the individual PAHs to the carcinogenic potency in relation to the size of the particle. Measurements of ten PAHs were carried out in 2014 at an urban location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. 24-h samples of the PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 particle fraction were collected over forty days per season. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs was estimated by calculating benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations while using three different toxic equivalence factor (TEF) schemes. The total carcinogenic potency (TCP) and percentage contributions differed significantly depending on the TEF scheme used. The lowest PAH mass concentrations and TCPs were in summer and the highest in winter. The contributions of individual PAHs to the sum of PAH mass concentrations remained similar in all fractions and seasons, while in fractions PM 10–2.5 and PM 2.5–1 they varied significantly. Road traffic represented the important source of PAHs in all fractions and throughout all seasons. Other sources (wood and biomass burning, petroleum combustion) were also present, especially during winter as a consequence of household heating. The highest contribution to the TCP came from benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)antrachene, indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene (together between 87% and 96%) in all fractions and seasons. In all cases, BaP showed the highest contribution to the TCP regardless relatively low contributions to the mass of total PAHs and it can be considered as a good representative for assessing the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture. When comparing the TCP of PAHs in PM 10 and PM 2.5 fractions, it was found that about 21–26% of carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture belonged to the PM 2.5 fraction. Comparison of TCP in PM 2.5 and PM 1 showed that about 86% of carcinogenic potency belonged to the PM 1 fraction, regardless of the TEF scheme used.

Suggested Citation

  • Gordana Pehnec & Ivana Jakovljević, 2018. "Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-25, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2485-:d:181243
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/11/2485/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/11/2485/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Grzegorz Majewski & Kamila Widziewicz & Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska & Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec & Karolina Kociszewska & Tomasz Rozbicki & Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka & Mariusz Niemczyk, 2018. "PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-19, February.
    2. Jos Lelieveld & Ulrich Pöschl, 2017. "Chemists can help to solve the air-pollution health crisis," Nature, Nature, vol. 551(7680), pages 291-293, November.
    3. Kyung Hwa Jung & Beizhan Yan & Steven N. Chillrud & Frederica P. Perera & Robin Whyatt & David Camann & Patrick L. Kinney & Rachel L. Miller, 2010. "Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Residential Indoor versus Outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposing Young Children in New York City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-12, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ivana Jakovljević & Marija Dvoršćak & Karla Jagić & Darija Klinčić, 2022. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Lulu Zhang & Ning Tang, 2022. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Ivana Jakovljević & Zdravka Sever Štrukil & Ranka Godec & Ivan Bešlić & Silvije Davila & Mario Lovrić & Gordana Pehnec, 2020. "Pollution Sources and Carcinogenic Risk of PAHs in PM 1 Particle Fraction in an Urban Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    4. Mario Lovrić & Mario Antunović & Iva Šunić & Matej Vuković & Simonas Kecorius & Mark Kröll & Ivan Bešlić & Ranka Godec & Gordana Pehnec & Bernhard C. Geiger & Stuart K. Grange & Iva Šimić, 2022. "Machine Learning and Meteorological Normalization for Assessment of Particulate Matter Changes during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Zagreb, Croatia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Dorota Kaleta & Barbara Kozielska, 2022. "Spatial and Temporal Volatility of PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-Bound B[a]P Concentrations and Assessment of the Exposure of the Population of Silesia in 2018–2021," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Elena Cristina Rada & Gianni Andreottola & Irina Aura Istrate & Paolo Viotti & Fabio Conti & Elena Romenovna Magaril, 2019. "Remediation of Soil Polluted by Organic Compounds Through Chemical Oxidation and Phytoremediation Combined with DCT," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-11, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec & Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska & Grzegorz Majewski, 2022. "Particulate Matter Concentration in Selected Facilities as an Indicator of Exposure to Their Service Activities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    2. Ivana Jakovljević & Zdravka Sever Štrukil & Ranka Godec & Ivan Bešlić & Silvije Davila & Mario Lovrić & Gordana Pehnec, 2020. "Pollution Sources and Carcinogenic Risk of PAHs in PM 1 Particle Fraction in an Urban Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    4. Halina Pyta & Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca & Krzysztof Słaby, 2020. "Inhalation Exposure to Gaseous and Particulate Bound Mercury Present in the Ambient Air over the Polluted Area of Southern Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Jenni A. Shearston & A. Mychal Johnson & Arce Domingo-Relloso & Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou & Diana Hernández & James Ross & Steven N. Chillrud & Markus Hilpert, 2020. "Opening a Large Delivery Service Warehouse in the South Bronx: Impacts on Traffic, Air Pollution, and Noise," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-19, May.
    6. Vítězslav Jiřík & Ladislav Tomášek & Ivana Fojtíková & Tomáš Janoš & Markéta Stanovská & Pavlína Guňková & Andrea Dalecká & Adéla Vrtková & Radim J. Šrám, 2021. "Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk Proportions from Inhalation Exposures in Industrial and Non-Industrial Regions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-17, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2485-:d:181243. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.