IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i8p2779-d347036.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Classroom Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jeddah Primary Schools, Saudi Arabia: Level, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Mansour A. Alghamdi

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Salwa K. Hassan

    (Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt)

  • Noura A. Alzahrani

    (Office of Education/South Jeddah (Girls), Department of Primary Grades, Ministry of Education, Jeddah 23524, Saudi Arabia)

  • Marwan Y. Al Sharif

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mamdouh I. Khoder

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Data concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Jeddah’s schools, Saudi Arabia, and their implications for health risks to children, is scarce. Classroom air conditioner filter dusts were collected from primary schools in urban, suburban and residential areas of Jeddah. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of classroom-dust-bound PAHs and the health risks to children of PAH exposure. Average PAH concentrations were higher in urban schools than suburban and residential schools. Benzo (b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(ghi)perylene (BGP), chrysene (CRY) and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) at urban and suburban schools and BbF, BGP, fluoranthene (FLT) and indeno (1, 2, 3, −cd)pyrene (IND) at residential schools were the dominant compounds in classroom dust. PAHs with five aromatic rings were the most abundant at all schools. The relative contribution of the individual PAH compounds to total PAH concentrations in the classroom dusts of schools indicate that the study areas do share a common source, vehicle emissions. Based on diagnostic ratios of PAHs, they are emitted from local pyrogenic sources, and traffic is the significant PAH source, with more significant contributions from gasoline-fueled than from diesel cars. Based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP equi ) calculations, total carcinogenic activity (TCA) for total PAHs represent 21.59% (urban schools), 20.99% (suburban schools), and 18.88% (residential schools) of total PAH concentrations. DBA and BaP were the most dominant compounds contributing to the TCA, suggesting the importance of BaP and DBA as surrogate compounds for PAHs in this schools. Based on incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILC ingestion , ILCR inhalation , ILCR dermal ) and total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR)) calculations, the order of cancer risk was: urban schools > suburban schools > residential schools. Both ingestion and dermal contact are major contributors to cancer risk. Among PAHs, DBA, BaP, BbF, benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and IND have the highest ILCR values at all schools. LCR and TLCR values at all schools were lower than 10 −6 , indicating virtual safety. DBA, BaP and BbF were the predominant contributors to cancer effects in all schools.

Suggested Citation

  • Mansour A. Alghamdi & Salwa K. Hassan & Noura A. Alzahrani & Marwan Y. Al Sharif & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2020. "Classroom Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jeddah Primary Schools, Saudi Arabia: Level, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-23, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2779-:d:347036
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/8/2779/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/8/2779/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ibrahim I. Shabbaj & Mansour A. Alghamdi & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2018. "Street Dust—Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Saudi Coastal City: Status, Profile, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, October.
    2. Mansour A. Alghamdi & Salwa K. Hassan & Noura A. Alzahrani & Fahd M. Almehmadi & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2019. "Risk Assessment and Implications of Schoolchildren Exposure to Classroom Heavy Metals Particles in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-24, December.
    3. Qin Yang & Huaguo Chen & Baizhan Li, 2015. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dusts of Guizhou, Southwest of China: Status, Sources and Potential Human Health Risk," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-17, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rui Yu & Zhengwu Cui & Nana Luo & Yong Yu, 2022. "Pollution Characteristics and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of PAHs in Car Dust Collected from Commercial Car Wash in Changchun, Northeast China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Bassam Tawabini & Mubarak Al-Enazi & Mansour A. Alghamdi & Ashraf Farahat & Ahsan M. Shemsi & Marwan Y. Al Sharif & Mamdouh I. Khoder, 2023. "Potentially Harmful Elements Associated with Dust of Mosques: Pollution Status, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-30, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rogers Kanee & Precious Ede & Omosivie Maduka & Golden Owhonda & Eric Aigbogun & Khalaf F. Alsharif & Ahmed H. Qasem & Shadi S. Alkhayyat & Gaber El-Saber Batiha, 2021. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in Wistar Rats Exposed to Ambient Air of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: An Indicator for Tissue Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-21, May.
    2. Agnese Araja & Maris Bertins & Gunita Celma & Lauma Busa & Arturs Viksna, 2023. "Distribution of Minor and Major Metallic Elements in Residential Indoor Dust: A Case Study in Latvia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(13), pages 1-17, June.
    3. Ivana Jakovljević & Marija Dvoršćak & Karla Jagić & Darija Klinčić, 2022. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    4. Wei Cao & Liqin Yin & Dan Zhang & Yingying Wang & Jing Yuan & Yi Zhu & Junfeng Dou, 2019. "Contamination, Sources, and Health Risks Associated with Soil PAHs in Rebuilt Land from a Coking Plant, Beijing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Mohamed Hamza EL-Saeid & Abdulaziz G. Alghamdi & Abdulhakim Jari Alzahrani, 2023. "Impact of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Falling Dust in Urban Area Settings: Status, Chemical Composition, Sources and Potential Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.
    6. Ewona I. Otaba & Uza Terso & Rabiu B. keen & Sunday O. Udo & Eka, B. Jeremiah & Moses A. Okono & Ukam, L. Edadi, 2024. "Assessment of the Pollution Indices of Particulate Matter Trapped in Classroom Ceiling Fans in a Tertiary Institution in Southern Nigeria," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 11(7), pages 1260-1275, July.
    7. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2779-:d:347036. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.