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The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China

Author

Listed:
  • Lu Yang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Genki Suzuki

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Lulu Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Quanyu Zhou

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Xuan Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Wanli Xing

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Masayuki Shima

    (Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan)

  • Yoshiko Yoda

    (Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan)

  • Ryohei Nakatsubo

    (Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe 654-0037, Japan)

  • Takatoshi Hiraki

    (Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe 654-0037, Japan)

  • Baijun Sun

    (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China)

  • Wenhua Fu

    (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China)

  • Hongye Qi

    (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Akira Toriba

    (Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
    Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) was collected in three different areas, SY-1, SY-2, and SY-3, in Shenyang, China, during the warm and cold seasons from 2012 to 2014. SY-1 was located beside a thermal power plant, far from the central area. SY-2 was near a coal heating boiler on the main road, close to the central area. SY-3 was on the main road, without fixed emission sources. Nine PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of total PAHs was higher in the cold season (92.6–316 ng m −3 ) than in the warm season (18.4–32.2 ng m −3 ). Five- and six-ring PAHs occupied a large percentage at all sites in the warm season, and four-ring PAHs were the dominant components in the cold season. Several diagnostic PAH ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs in Shenyang in the warm and cold seasons were not only coal burning but also vehicle emission. In this study, we suggest that a benzo[ a ]pyrene/benzo[ ghi ]perylene ratio ([BaP]/[BgPe]) of 0.6 was a useful indicator to speculate the relative significance of coal burning and vehicle exhaust. Although the Shenyang government has undertaken actions to address air pollution, the PM and PAH concentrations did not decrease significantly compared to those in our previous studies. The cancer risk calculated from the BaP equivalent total concentration at all three sites in the warm and cold seasons exceeded the acceptable limit established by the US EPA.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu Yang & Genki Suzuki & Lulu Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Masayuki Shima & Yoshiko Yoda & Ryohei Nakatsubo & Takatoshi Hiraki & Baijun Sun & Wenhua Fu & Hongye Qi & Kazuichi Hayaka, 2019. "The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:16:p:2817-:d:255527
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Xuan Zhang & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Wanli Xing & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Lulu Zhang & Ning Tang, 2022. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    4. Xuan Zhang & Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2021. "Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    5. Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    6. Xiaoyang Yang & Shijie Liu & Yuanguan Gao & Wenjuan Zhao & Yu Liu & Jingying Mao & Zhaoyu Mo, 2020. "Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-13, February.
    7. Hao Zhang & Lu Yang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Ying Li & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    8. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.
    9. Bo Fang & Lei Zhang & Hao Zeng & Jiajia Liu & Ze Yang & Hongwei Wang & Qian Wang & Manman Wang, 2020. "PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources and Health Risk during Non-Heating and Heating Periods (Tangshan, China)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-16, January.
    10. Takashi Kubo & Wenzhi Bai & Masaki Nagae & Yuji Takao, 2020. "Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-15, February.
    11. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.

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