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Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry

Author

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  • Nor Ashikin Sopian

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Juliana Jalaludin

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Suhaili Abu Bakar

    (Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Titi Rahmawati Hamedon

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Talib Latif

    (Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM 2.5 ) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM 2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m −3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m −3 . The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source apportionment. The 95th percentiles of the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimated using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the inhalation risk for the exposed children and comparative populations was 2.22 × 10 −6 and 2.95 × 10 −7 , respectively. The degree of DNA injury was substantially more severe among the exposed children relative to the comparative community. This study reveals that higher exposure to PAHs increases the risk of genotoxic effects and cancer among children.

Suggested Citation

  • Nor Ashikin Sopian & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar & Titi Rahmawati Hamedon & Mohd Talib Latif, 2021. "Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2575-:d:510581
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chin-Sheng Tang & Shih-Chun Candice Lung & Ta-Yuan Chang & Han-Hsiang Tu & Li-Te Chang, 2019. "Investigation of Microenvironmental Exposures to Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Elementary School Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Rodríguez T. Gamboa & Aldeco R. Gamboa & Alvarez H. Bravo & Wegman P. Ostrosky, 2008. "Genotoxicity in child populations exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air from Tabasco, Mexico," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 5(5), pages 1-7, December.
    3. Yunwei Liu & Ning Qin & Weigang Liang & Xing Chen & Rong Hou & Yijin Kang & Qian Guo & Suzhen Cao & Xiaoli Duan, 2020. "Polycycl. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure of Children in Typical Household Coal Combustion Environments: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-14, September.
    4. Batdelger Byambaa & Lu Yang & Atsushi Matsuki & Edward G. Nagato & Khongor Gankhuyag & Byambatseren Chuluunpurev & Lkhagvajargal Banzragch & Sonomdagva Chonokhuu & Ning Tang & Kazuichi Hayakawa, 2019. "Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nur Faseeha Suhaimi & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar, 2021. "The Influence of Traffic-Related Air Pollution (TRAP) in Primary Schools and Residential Proximity to Traffic Sources on Histone H3 Level in Selected Malaysian Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar & Mohd Talib Latif, 2022. "The Influence of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure on DNA Damage among School Children in Urban Traffic Area, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Minghui Cheng & Zhen Tan & Xiwen Zeng & Zhu Liu & Pingyu Liu & Anwar Ali & Huali Qiu & Wenjun Jiang & Hong Qin, 2023. "Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.

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