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Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Author

Listed:
  • Md. Saiful Islam

    (Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
    Youth Research Association, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Most. Zannatul Ferdous

    (Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Ummay Soumayia Islam

    (Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Abu Syed Md. Mosaddek

    (Department of Pharmacology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
    Quest Bangladesh Biomedical Research Center, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh)

  • Marc N. Potenza

    (Department of Psychiatry, and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
    Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
    Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06519, USA
    Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA)

  • Shahina Pardhan

    (Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Young Street, Cambridge CB1 2LZ, UK)

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected people’s lives globally. While important research has been conducted, much remains to be known. In Bangladesh, initial treatment (self-administered, hospitalized), persistent COVID-19 symptoms (“long COVID-19”), and whether COVID-19 leads to changes in mental state, such as depressive symptoms, of people are not known. This study aimed to examine treatment, persistent symptoms, and depression in people who had been infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1002 individuals infected with COVID-19 (60% male; mean age = 34.7 ± 13.9; age range = 18–81 years), with data taken over a one-month period (11 September 2020 to 13 October 2020). A self-reported online questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, COVID-19 symptoms (during and beyond COVID-19), medication (over-the-counter or doctor-prescribed), and depression (assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)). Results: Twenty-four percent of participants self-medicated with over-the-counter medicine when they were first diagnosed with COVID-19. Self-medication was higher among female vs. male respondents (29.6% vs. 20.2%, respectively, p = 0.002). A minority (20%) reported that they experienced persistent COVID-like symptoms after recovering from COVID-19. The most reported persistent symptoms were diarrhea (12.7%) and fatigue (11.5%). Forty-eight percent of participants were categorized as having moderate to severe depression. Based on multivariate regression analysis, depression during COVID-19 was positively associated with lower family income, poor health status, sleep disturbance, lack of physical activity, hypertension, asthma/respiratory problems, fear of COVID-19 re-infection, and persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest a need for appropriate interventions for COVID-19 patients to promote physical and mental wellbeing.

Suggested Citation

  • Md. Saiful Islam & Most. Zannatul Ferdous & Ummay Soumayia Islam & Abu Syed Md. Mosaddek & Marc N. Potenza & Shahina Pardhan, 2021. "Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:1453-:d:493731
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Min Qin & Maria Evandrou & Jane Falkingham & Athina Vlachantoni, 2022. "Did the Socio-Economic Gradient in Depression in Later-Life Deteriorate or Weaken during the COVID-19 Pandemic? New Evidence from England Using Path Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-14, May.
    2. Xincheng Huang & Yuqian Deng & Pu Ge & Xiaonan Sun & Mengjie Huang & Hejie Chen & Yanyan Wang & Baojun Suo & Zhiqiang Song & Yibo Wu, 2022. "College Students’ Degree of Support for Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-16, December.
    3. Giuseppe Craparo & Valentina Lucia La Rosa & Elena Commodari & Graziella Marino & Michela Vezzoli & Palmira Faraci & Carmelo Mario Vicario & Gabriella Serena Cinà & Morena Colombi & Giuseppe Arcoleo &, 2022. "What Is the Role of Psychological Factors in Long COVID Syndrome? Latent Class Analysis in a Sample of Patients Recovered from COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Irfan Ullah & Md. Saiful Islam & Sajjad Ali & Hashaam Jamil & Muhammad Junaid Tahir & Aatik Arsh & Jaffer Shah & Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, 2021. "Insufficient Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors among Medical Students during the COVID-19 Lockdown: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-10, September.

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