IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i5p4443-d1085465.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Author

Listed:
  • Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Norayuni Mohd Ismail

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Zaleha Md Isa

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Andrea Yu-Lin Ban

    (Respiratory Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

Abstract

Tobacco and nicotine derivatives uses are multiple in nature. These include conventional cigarettes (CCs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (ECs). This study aims to determine the practices, nicotine dependency profile, association with exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) level, and pulmonary function (PF) among adult product users and non-smokers. This cross-sectional study involved smokers, nicotine users, and non-smokers from two public health facilities in Kuala Lumpur from December 2021 to April 2022. Data on socio-demography, smoking profile, nicotine dependency level, anthropometry, eCO monitor, and spirometer measurements were recorded. Out of 657 respondents, 52.1% were non-smokers, 48.3% were CC only smokers, poly-users (PUs) (27.3%), EC-only users (20.9%), and HTP-only users (3.5%). EC use was prevalent among the younger aged, tertiary educated, and females; HTP use was prevalent among those of an older age and CC users was common among lower educated males. The highest median eCO (in ppm) seen were as follows: in CC users only (13.00), PUs (7.00), EC users (2.00), HTP users (2.00), and the least was observed among non-smokers (1.00), which is significantly different across the groups ( p < 0.001). Comparison of practice between the different product users showed significant differences in age of product initiation ( p < 0.001, youngest in CC users in PUs), duration of product use ( p < 0.001, longest in exclusive CC users), cost per month ( p < 0.001, highest in exclusive HTP users) and attempt to quit product ( p < 0.001, CC use in PUs had the highest attempt to quit), while there is no significant difference in Fagerström score across the groups. Among EC users, 68.2% successfully switched from smoking CCs to ECs. The findings suggest that EC and HTP users are exhaling less CO. The use of these products in a targeted approach may manage nicotine addiction. Switching practice was higher among current EC users (from using CCs), hence emphasizing the need of switching encouragement and total nicotine abstinence later on. Lower eCO levels in the PU group, (as compared to CC-only users) and high quit attempt rate among in CC use in PUs may indicate attempt of PUs in reducing CC use through alternative modalities such as ECs and HTPs.

Suggested Citation

  • Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh & Norayuni Mohd Ismail & Zaleha Md Isa & Andrea Yu-Lin Ban, 2023. "Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-15, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4443-:d:1085465
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4443/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4443/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aureliusz Kosendiak & Magdalena Król & Milena Ściskalska & Marta Kepinska, 2021. "The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Abigail T. Evans & Katherine C. Henderson & Anna Geier & Scott R. Weaver & Claire Adams Spears & David L. Ashley & Meredith Fritz & Lisa John & Terry F. Pechacek, 2020. "What Motivates Smokers to Switch to ENDS? A Qualitative Study of Perceptions and Use," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Mateusz Jankowski & Marek Krzystanek & Jan Eugeniusz Zejda & Paulina Majek & Jakub Lubanski & Joshua Allan Lawson & Grzegorz Brozek, 2019. "E-Cigarettes are More Addictive than Traditional Cigarettes—A Study in Highly Educated Young People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-10, June.
    4. Jingfen Zhu & Fanghui Shi & Gang Xu & Na Li & Jiahui Li & Yaping He & Jinming Yu, 2019. "Conventional Cigarette and E-Cigarette Smoking among School Personnel in Shanghai, China: Prevalence and Determinants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-13, September.
    5. Otto Lenhart, 2019. "The effects of income on health: new evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 377-410, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Otto Lenhart, 2021. "Earned income tax credit and crime," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(3), pages 589-607, July.
    2. Jiyoon Kim & Otto Lenhart, 2024. "Paid family leave and the fight against hunger: Evidence from New York," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(7), pages 1503-1527, July.
    3. Barbara Liberda & Katarzyna Sałach & Marek Pęczkowski, 2023. "The Effects of Child Benefit on Household Saving," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 44(2), pages 447-460, June.
    4. Paulina Majek & Mateusz Jankowski & Bartłomiej Nowak & Maksymilian Macherski & Maciej Nowak & Aleksandra Gil & Piotr Nakiela & Barbara Lewicka & Joshua Allan Lawson & Jan Eugeniusz Zejda & Grzegorz Ma, 2021. "The Frequency of Use and Harm Perception of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs): The 2019 Cross-Sectional Survey among Medical Students from Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-12, March.
    5. J. Michael Collins & Amrita Kulka, 2023. "Saving by buying ahead: stockpiling in response to lump‐sum payments," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(4), pages 451-484, December.
    6. Lauren E. Jones & Guangyi Wang & Tansel Yilmazer, 2022. "The long‐term effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on women's physical and mental health," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(6), pages 1067-1102, June.
    7. Mari, Gabriele & Keizer, Renske, 2021. "Do high-income households 'label' family cash transfers? Evidence on family expenditures from Australia," SocArXiv ucyzb, Center for Open Science.
    8. Simpson, Julija & Albani, Viviana & Bell, Zoe & Bambra, Clare & Brown, Heather, 2021. "Effects of social security policy reforms on mental health and inequalities: A systematic review of observational studies in high-income countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    9. Ousmane Traoré, 2022. "The effect of income on health: evidence from the poverty gaps analysis method in the sub-Saharan Africa," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 69(3), pages 401-432, September.
    10. Naveed Ahmed & Sohaib Arshad & Syed Nahid Basheer & Mohmed Isaqali Karobari & Anand Marya & Charu Mohan Marya & Pratibha Taneja & Pietro Messina & Chan Yean Yean & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2021. "Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.
    11. Małgorzata Znyk & Ilona Wężyk-Caba & Dorota Kaleta, 2022. "The Frequency of Tobacco Smoking and E-Cigarettes Use among Primary Health Care Patients—The Association between Anti-Tobacco Interventions and Smoking in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Aureliusz Andrzej Kosendiak & Michał Piotr Wysocki & Paweł Piotr Krysiński, 2022. "Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Dietary Habits of Medical Students of Wroclaw Medical University during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-17, June.
    13. Otto Lenhart, 2023. "The earned income tax credit and food insecurity," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 105(5), pages 1543-1570, October.
    14. Otto Lenhart, 2019. "The effects of state‐level earned income tax credits on suicides," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(12), pages 1476-1482, December.
    15. Jose Valderrama & Javier Olivera, 2023. "The effects of social pensions on mortality among the extreme poor elderly," LISER Working Paper Series 2023-05, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER).
    16. Collin, Daniel F. & Shields-Zeeman, Laura S. & Batra, Akansha & White, Justin S. & Tong, Michelle & Hamad, Rita, 2021. "The effects of state earned income tax credits on mental health and health behaviors: A quasi-experimental study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    17. Otto Lenhart, 2021. "The effects of paid family leave on food insecurity—evidence from California," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 615-639, September.
    18. Fontana, S.; & Guccio, C.; & Pignataro, G.; & Romeo, D.;, 2024. "Cash Transfers and Health Outcomes: Evidence from Italian Municipalities," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 24/04, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
    19. Maja Grujičić & Miloš Ilić & Budimka Novaković & Aleksandra Vrkatić & Zagorka Lozanov-Crvenković, 2022. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Physical Activity among Medical Students from the Western Balkans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-16, June.
    20. Mary Kopriva, 2023. "Universal Cash Transfer Impacts on Maternal and Infant Health," Working Papers 2023-02, University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Economics.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4443-:d:1085465. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.