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Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels

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  • Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA
    Clinical Psychology Program, School of Behavioral & Brain Science, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Pablo López

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Antonio Cases

    (Tobacco Control and Oral Health Division, Department of Health, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Marcos Felici

    (Tobacco Control and Oral Health Division, Department of Health, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Raphael Sánchez

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Yasuhiro Yamamura

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

  • Vanessa Rivera-Amill

    (AIDS Research Infrastructure Program, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, 395 Dr. Luis F. Sala Street, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA)

Abstract

Tobacco use has been implicated as an immunomodulator in the oral cavity and contributes to the development of oral cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial diversity and host responses compared to healthy nonsmoking controls. Saliva samples were collected from eighteen smokers and sixteen nonsmoking individuals by passive drool. The 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the salivary microbiome by using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Cytokine and chemokine expression analyses were performed to evaluate the host response. Significant differences in cytokine and chemokine expression levels of MDC, IL-10, IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, and leptin were observed between smokers and nonsmokers. Taxonomic analyses revealed differences between the two groups, and some bacterial genera associated with the smokers group had correlations with hormones and cytokines identified as statistically different between smokers and nonsmokers. These factors have been associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the oral cavity. The data obtained may aid in the identification of the interactions between the salivary microbiome, host inflammatory responses, and metabolism in smokers.

Suggested Citation

  • Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa & Pablo López & Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago & Antonio Cases & Marcos Felici & Raphael Sánchez & Yasuhiro Yamamura & Vanessa Rivera-Amill, 2018. "Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2479-:d:181073
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Epskamp, Sacha & Cramer, Angélique O.J. & Waldorp, Lourens J. & Schmittmann, Verena D. & Borsboom, Denny, 2012. "qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 48(i04).
    2. Melanie N Kuehl & Henry Rodriguez & Brant R Burkhardt & Amy C Alman, 2015. "Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Matrix-Metalloproteinases 8 and 9 Levels in the Saliva Are Associated with Increased Hemoglobin A1c in Type 1 Diabetes Subjects," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(4), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Rimm, E.B. & Manson, J.E. & Stampfer, M.J. & Colditz, G.A. & Willett, W.C. & Rosner, B. & Hennekens, C.H. & Speizer, F.E., 1993. "Cigarette smoking and the risk of diabetes in women," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 83(2), pages 211-214.
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    Cited by:

    1. Naveed Ahmed & Sohaib Arshad & Syed Nahid Basheer & Mohmed Isaqali Karobari & Anand Marya & Charu Mohan Marya & Pratibha Taneja & Pietro Messina & Chan Yean Yean & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2021. "Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.
    2. Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa & Pablo López & Raphael Sánchez & Cyanela Hernández & Cesarly Rodríguez & Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago & Juan C. Orengo & Vivian Green & Yasuhiro Yamamura & Vanessa Rivera-Amill, 2020. "Inflammatory Biomarkers, Microbiome, Depression, and Executive Dysfunction in Alcohol Users," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Fawad Javed & Abeer S. Al-Zawawi & Khaled S. Allemailem & Ahmad Almatroudi & Abid Mehmood & Darshan Devang Divakar & Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif, 2020. "Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-10, October.

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