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Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers

Author

Listed:
  • Fawad Javed

    (Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA)

  • Abeer S. Al-Zawawi

    (Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khaled S. Allemailem

    (Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ahmad Almatroudi

    (Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abid Mehmood

    (Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi 75500, Pakistan)

  • Darshan Devang Divakar

    (Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif

    (Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

In the United States, prevalence of marijuana-use has doubled in the past 2 decades. The aim was to compare the periodontal conditions and whole-salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels among young adult marijuana-smokers, heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Self-reported marijuana-smokers, heavy-cigarette-smokers, non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally-healthy non-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded and full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL) and missing teeth were recorded. Levels of IL-17A and IL-23 levels were measured in the whole saliva. p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Fifteen-marijuana-smokers, 15 heavy-cigarette-smokers, 16 non-smokers-with-periodontitis and 15 periodontally-healthy-non-smokers) were included. The clinicoradiographic parameters were worse among marijuana-smokers ( p < 0.01), cigarette-smokers ( p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis ( p < 0.01) than periodontally-healthy-non-smokers. Marijuana- and cigarette-smokers had Stage-IV/Grade C and non-smokers with periodontitis had Stage-III/Grade-C. Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher in marijuana-smokers than cigarette-smokers ( p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis ( p < 0.01). Whole salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher among cigarette-smokers than non-smokers with periodontitis ( p < 0.01) and periodontally-healthy-individuals ( p < 0.01). Marijuana- and heavy cigarette-smokers have comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal statuses. This rejects hypothesis-1. However, whole salivary immunoinflammatory response may be moderately worse in marijuana-smokers compared with heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smoker with periodontitis thereby supporting hypothesis-2.

Suggested Citation

  • Fawad Javed & Abeer S. Al-Zawawi & Khaled S. Allemailem & Ahmad Almatroudi & Abid Mehmood & Darshan Devang Divakar & Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif, 2020. "Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-10, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:20:p:7435-:d:426967
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Naushin Mahmood & G. M. Zahid, 1992. "Measuring the Education Gap in Primary and Secondary Schooling in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 31(4), pages 729-740.
    2. Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa & Pablo López & Ronald E. Rodríguez-Santiago & Antonio Cases & Marcos Felici & Raphael Sánchez & Yasuhiro Yamamura & Vanessa Rivera-Amill, 2018. "Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan & Khulud A. Al-Aali & Fahim Vohra & Fawad Javed & Tariq Abduljabbar, 2022. "Comparison of Whole Salivary Cortisol and Interleukin 1-Beta Levels in Light Cigarette-Smokers and Users of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-10, September.
    2. Naveed Ahmed & Sohaib Arshad & Syed Nahid Basheer & Mohmed Isaqali Karobari & Anand Marya & Charu Mohan Marya & Pratibha Taneja & Pietro Messina & Chan Yean Yean & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2021. "Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.

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