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Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review

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  • Henrieta Hlisníková

    (Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia)

  • Ida Petrovičová

    (Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia)

  • Branislav Kolena

    (Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia)

  • Miroslava Šidlovská

    (Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia)

  • Alexander Sirotkin

    (Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia)

Abstract

The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.

Suggested Citation

  • Henrieta Hlisníková & Ida Petrovičová & Branislav Kolena & Miroslava Šidlovská & Alexander Sirotkin, 2020. "Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-37, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:18:p:6811-:d:415506
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xiaoheng Li & Xiaomin Chen & Guoxin Hu & Linxi Li & Huina Su & Yiyan Wang & Dongxin Chen & Qiqi Zhu & Chao Li & Junwei Li & Mingcang Wang & Qingquan Lian & Ren-Shan Ge, 2016. "Effects of in Utero Exposure to Dicyclohexyl Phthalate on Rat Fetal Leydig Cells," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-12, February.
    2. Andrzej M. Brzozowski & Ashley C. W. Pike & Zbigniew Dauter & Roderick E. Hubbard & Tomas Bonn & Owe Engström & Lars Öhman & Geoffrey L. Greene & Jan-Åke Gustafsson & Mats Carlquist, 1997. "Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor," Nature, Nature, vol. 389(6652), pages 753-758, October.
    3. Te Liu & Yiyang Jia & Liting Zhou & Qi Wang & Di Sun & Jin Xu & Juan Wu & Huaiji Chen & Feng Xu & Lin Ye, 2016. "Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on the Hypothalamus–Uterus in Pubertal Female Rats," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, November.
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    2. Mariana Segovia-Mendoza & Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola & Lenin Pavón & Luis Enrique Becerril & Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro & Omar Amador-Muñoz & Jorge Morales-Montor, 2022. "Environmental Pollution to Blame for Depressive Disorder?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, February.
    3. Shuman Sheng & Wei Liu & Yafei Xue & Zhengwu Pan & Lanlan Zhao & Fei Wang & Xiaoyi Qi, 2022. "Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Promotes the Development of Endometrial Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-11, November.
    4. Lidia Caporossi & Paola Viganò & Enrico Paci & Silvia Capanna & Alessandra Alteri & Daniela Pigini & Giovanna Tranfo & Bruno Papaleo, 2022. "A Case–Control Study on the Effects of Plasticizers Exposure on Male Fertility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.

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