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Strategies to Control Human Health Risks Arising from Antibiotics in the Environment: Molecular Modification of QNs for Enhanced Plant–Microbial Synergistic Degradation

Author

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  • Peixuan Sun

    (College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China)

  • Wenjin Zhao

    (College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China)

Abstract

In the present work, a comprehensive screening and evaluation system was established to improve the plant–microbial synergistic degradation effects of QNs. The study included the construction of a 3D-QSAR model, the molecular modification, environmental friendliness and functional evaluation of drugs, degradation pathway simulation, and human health risk assessment. Molecular dynamics was applied to quantify the binding capacity of QNs toward the plant degradation enzyme (peroxidase) and microbial degradation enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used in combination with the weighted average method for normalization and assigning equal weights to the plant and microbial degradation effect values of the QNs. Considering the synergistic degradation effect value as the dependent variable and the molecular information of the QNs as the independent variable, a 3D-QSAR model was constructed for the plant–microbial synergistic degradation effect of QNs. The constructed model was then employed to conduct the molecular modification, environmental friendliness and functional evaluation, degradation pathway simulation, and human health risk assessment of transformation products using pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics. The results revealed that the synergistic degradation effect 3D-QSAR (CoMSIA) model exhibited good internal and external prediction ability, fitting ability, stability, and no overfitting phenomenon. Norfloxacin (NOR) was used as the target molecule in the molecular modification. A total of 35 NOR derivatives with enhanced plant–microbial synergistic degradation effect (1.32–21.51%) were designed by introducing small-volume, strongly electronegative, and hydrophobic hydrogen bond receptor groups into the active group of the norfloxacin structure. The environment-friendliness and the functionality of NOR were evaluated prior to and after the modification, which revealed seven environment-friendly FQs derivatives exhibiting moderate improvement in stability and bactericidal efficacy. The simulation of the NOR plant and microbial degradation pathways prior to and after the modification and the calculation of the reaction energy barrier revealed Pathway A (D-17 to D-17-2) and Pathway B (D-17 to D-17-4) as the most prone degradation pathways in plants and Pathway A (D-17 to D-17-1) and Pathway B (D-17 to D-17-4) as the most prone degradation pathways in microorganisms. This demonstrated that the degradation of the modified NOR derivatives was significantly enhanced, with the hydroxylation and piperazine ring substitution reaction playing an important role in the degradation process. Finally, the parameters, including hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, and rodent carcinogenicity, among others, predicted using the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics analyses revealed a significant reduction in the human health risk associated with the modified NOR, along with a considerable reduction in the toxicity of its transformation products, implying that the human health risk associated with the transformation products was reduced remarkably. The present study provides a theoretical basis for novel ideas and evaluation programs for improving the plant–microbial synergistic degradation of the QNs antibiotics for source control and drug design, thereby reducing the residues of these antibiotics and the associated hazard in the complex plant–soil environment, ultimately decreasing the potential risks to human health.

Suggested Citation

  • Peixuan Sun & Wenjin Zhao, 2021. "Strategies to Control Human Health Risks Arising from Antibiotics in the Environment: Molecular Modification of QNs for Enhanced Plant–Microbial Synergistic Degradation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-26, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:20:p:10610-:d:653108
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yilin Hou & Yuanyuan Zhao & Yu Li, 2020. "Environmentally Friendly Fluoroquinolone Derivatives with Lower Plasma Protein Binding Rate Designed Using 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Andrzej M. Brzozowski & Ashley C. W. Pike & Zbigniew Dauter & Roderick E. Hubbard & Tomas Bonn & Owe Engström & Lars Öhman & Geoffrey L. Greene & Jan-Åke Gustafsson & Mats Carlquist, 1997. "Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor," Nature, Nature, vol. 389(6652), pages 753-758, October.
    3. Si-cheng Liu & Shi-jun Sun & Peng Cui & Yi-fan Ding, 2019. "Molecular Modification of Fluoroquinolone-Biodegrading Enzymes Based on Molecular Docking and Homology Modelling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-33, September.
    4. Lu-ze Yang & Miao Liu, 2020. "A Double-Activity (Green Algae Toxicity and Bacterial Genotoxicity) 3D-QSAR Model Based on the Comprehensive Index Method and Its Application in Fluoroquinolones’ Modification," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Xixi Li & Baiyu Zhang & Wendy Huang & Cuirin Cantwell & Bing Chen, 2020. "Integration of Fuzzy Matter-Element Method and 3D-QSAR Model for Generation of Environmentally Friendly Quinolone Derivatives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.
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