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The Association of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized Children

Author

Listed:
  • E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens

    (Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA)

  • Ashley L. Merianos

    (School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA)

  • Patricia C. Fulkerson

    (Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati; College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA)

  • Lara Stone

    (Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA)

  • Georg E. Matt

    (Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92123, USA)

Abstract

Background: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is associated with altered cytokine levels in children. We sought to examine ETS exposure prevalence and the relationship between ETS exposure and cytokine levels in a sample of hospitalized children. (2) Methods: Inflammatory markers (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) and cotinine were measured in saliva of hospitalized, nonsmoking children (N = 112). To assess the association between ETS exposure and immune system response, we built a multivariate regression model including the four inflammatory markers as the response variables and cotinine, age, sex, and discharge diagnosis as explanatory variables while assessing possible interaction effects. (3) Results: Mean age (SD) was 5.8(5.0) years; Geometric Mean (GeoM) cotinine = 1.8 [95% CI = 1.4–2.2]. Children with non-inflammatory other diagnoses had lower IL-10 ( p = 0.003) and TNF-α ( p = 0.009) levels than children with inflammatory other diagnoses. Children with asthma ( p = 0.01) and bacterial illnesses and/or pneumonia ( p = 0.002) had higher IL-8 levels. Independent of diagnosis, there was a significant curvilinear association between cotinine and IL-1β ( p = 0.002) reflecting no association for cotinine levels <5 ng/mL and a positive association for >5 ng/mL. (4) Conclusions: Children with higher ETS exposure levels have higher IL-1β levels regardless of age, sex, and diagnosis. ETS exposure may increase pro-inflammatory immune responses in children and may interfere with native immune responses and the ability to heal and fight infection.

Suggested Citation

  • E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens & Ashley L. Merianos & Patricia C. Fulkerson & Lara Stone & Georg E. Matt, 2019. "The Association of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:23:p:4625-:d:289359
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sungroul Kim, 2016. "Overview of Cotinine Cutoff Values for Smoking Status Classification," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Agnieszka Strzelak & Aleksandra Ratajczak & Aleksander Adamiec & Wojciech Feleszko, 2018. "Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-35, May.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Agata Wypych-Ślusarska & Karolina Krupa-Kotara & Ewa Niewiadomska, 2022. "Social Inequalities: Do They Matter in Asthma, Bronchitis, and Respiratory Symptoms in Children?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-13, November.
    3. Agata Wypych-Ślusarska & Martina Grot & Maria Kujawińska & Maciej Nigowski & Karolina Krupa-Kotara & Klaudia Oleksiuk & Joanna Głogowska-Ligus & Mateusz Grajek, 2022. "Respiratory Symptoms, Allergies, and Environmental Exposures in Children with and without Asthma," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-11, September.
    4. Markus Braun & Doris Klingelhöfer & Gerhard M. Oremek & David Quarcoo & David A. Groneberg, 2020. "Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.

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