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Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review

Author

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  • Agnieszka Strzelak

    (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland)

  • Aleksandra Ratajczak

    (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland)

  • Aleksander Adamiec

    (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland)

  • Wojciech Feleszko

    (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland)

Abstract

Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung diseases. Recently, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been linked with asthma and allergic diseases in children. This review presents the most actual knowledge on exact molecular mechanisms responsible for the skewed inflammatory profile that aggravates inflammation, promotes infections, induces tissue damage, and may promote the development of allergy in individuals exposed to ETS. We demonstrate how the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke leads to oxidative stress, increased mucosal inflammation, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α ([TNF]-α). Direct cellular effects of ETS on epithelial cells results in increased permeability, mucus overproduction, impaired mucociliary clearance, increased release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, enhanced recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils and disturbed lymphocyte balance towards Th2. The plethora of presented phenomena fully justifies a restrictive policy aiming at limiting the domestic and public exposure to ETS.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Strzelak & Aleksandra Ratajczak & Aleksander Adamiec & Wojciech Feleszko, 2018. "Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-35, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:5:p:1033-:d:148166
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Estelle Bettelli & Yijun Carrier & Wenda Gao & Thomas Korn & Terry B. Strom & Mohamed Oukka & Howard L. Weiner & Vijay K. Kuchroo, 2006. "Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells," Nature, Nature, vol. 441(7090), pages 235-238, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Iris Gavish & Yossi Gavish, 2021. "Using COVID-19 Symbols in Anti-Smoking Fear Appeal Advertisements for Encouraging Smoking Cessation among Israeli Smokers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Emmanuel Peprah & Mari Armstrong-Hough & Stephanie H. Cook & Barbara Mukasa & Jacquelyn Y. Taylor & Huichun Xu & Linda Chang & Joyce Gyamfi & Nessa Ryan & Temitope Ojo & Anya Snyder & Juliet Iwelunmor, 2021. "An Emerging Syndemic of Smoking and Cardiopulmonary Diseases in People Living with HIV in Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    3. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens & Angelico Mendy & Ashley L. Merianos, 2021. "Assessment of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Using Measures of Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-9, August.
    4. Yael Bar-Zeev & Michal Shauly & Hannah Lee & Yehuda Neumark, 2021. "Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-12, February.
    5. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens & Ashley L. Merianos & Patricia C. Fulkerson & Lara Stone & Georg E. Matt, 2019. "The Association of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-10, November.
    6. Mai Itai & Akiko Sasaki & Makiko Mori & Shio Tsuda & Ayumi Matsumoto-Murakoso, 2019. "The Changing Process of Women’s Smoking Status Triggered by Pregnancy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-14, November.
    7. Anna Maria Stabile & Alessandra Pistilli & Desirée Bartolini & Eleonora Angelucci & Marco Dell’Omo & Gabriele Di Sante & Mario Rende, 2022. "Short-Term Effects of Side-Stream Smoke on Nerve Growth Factor and Its Receptors TrKA and p75 NTR in a Group of Non-Smokers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-11, August.
    8. Ivan Berlin, 2022. "Potential Bias in Assessing the Tobacco/Nicotine—COVID-19 Association—How to Improve Our Level of Understanding," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-6, October.
    9. Giulia Squillacioti & Valeria Bellisario & Elena Grignani & Giulio Mengozzi & Giulia Bardaglio & Paola Dalmasso & Roberto Bono, 2019. "The Asti Study: The Induction of Oxidative Stress in A Population of Children According to Their Body Composition and Passive Tobacco Smoking Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-11, February.
    10. Markus Braun & Doris Klingelhöfer & Gerhard M. Oremek & David Quarcoo & David A. Groneberg, 2020. "Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-25, May.

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