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Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea

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  • Jiyeon Yang

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Shervin Hashemi

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Wonseok Han

    (Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Yoojin Song

    (Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Youngwook Lim

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

Abstract

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the reason for approximately 1% of global mortality. ETS exposure can happen either as inhalation of direct cigarette smoke (second-hand smoke) or its associated residue particles (third-hand smoke), especially when living with a smoker in the same family. This study investigated the association between the urinary cotinine levels, as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, of smokers and those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke while living in the same family, through a Korean nationwide survey. Direct assessment of ETS exposure and its lifetime effect on human health is practically difficult. Therefore, this study evaluated the internal estimated daily intake (I-EDI) of nicotine and equivalent smoked cigarette per day (CPD). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation risks of ETS exposure were assessed by considering the calculated equivalent CPD and composition of cigarette smoke of high-selling cigarette brands in South Korea. The results show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the cotinine levels of smokers and those of the non-smokers living in the same family. The risk assessment results yielded that hazard index (HI) and total excess lifetime cancer risk (ECR) for both second-hand and third-hand smoke exposure can exceed 1 and 1 × 10 −6 , respectively, especially in women and children. In the composition of the cigarette smoke, 1,3-butadiene and acrolein substances had the highest contribution to HI and ECR. Consequently, the provision of appropriate plans for smoking cessation as a strategy for the prevention of ETS exposure to women and children is deemed necessary.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiyeon Yang & Shervin Hashemi & Wonseok Han & Yoojin Song & Youngwook Lim, 2022. "Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-19, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3746-:d:776321
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Ayumi Onoue & Yohei Inaba & Kentaro Machida & Takuya Samukawa & Hiromasa Inoue & Hajime Kurosawa & Hiromitsu Ogata & Naoki Kunugita & Hisamitsu Omori, 2022. "Association between Fathers’ Use of Heated Tobacco Products and Urinary Cotinine Concentrations in Their Spouses and Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-11, May.

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