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Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea

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  • Jiyeon Yang

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Shervin Hashemi

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Wonseok Han

    (Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Yoojin Song

    (Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea)

  • Youngwook Lim

    (Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea)

Abstract

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the reason for approximately 1% of global mortality. ETS exposure can happen either as inhalation of direct cigarette smoke (second-hand smoke) or its associated residue particles (third-hand smoke), especially when living with a smoker in the same family. This study investigated the association between the urinary cotinine levels, as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, of smokers and those exposed to second-hand and third-hand smoke while living in the same family, through a Korean nationwide survey. Direct assessment of ETS exposure and its lifetime effect on human health is practically difficult. Therefore, this study evaluated the internal estimated daily intake (I-EDI) of nicotine and equivalent smoked cigarette per day (CPD). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation risks of ETS exposure were assessed by considering the calculated equivalent CPD and composition of cigarette smoke of high-selling cigarette brands in South Korea. The results show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the cotinine levels of smokers and those of the non-smokers living in the same family. The risk assessment results yielded that hazard index (HI) and total excess lifetime cancer risk (ECR) for both second-hand and third-hand smoke exposure can exceed 1 and 1 × 10 −6 , respectively, especially in women and children. In the composition of the cigarette smoke, 1,3-butadiene and acrolein substances had the highest contribution to HI and ECR. Consequently, the provision of appropriate plans for smoking cessation as a strategy for the prevention of ETS exposure to women and children is deemed necessary.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiyeon Yang & Shervin Hashemi & Wonseok Han & Yoojin Song & Youngwook Lim, 2022. "Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-19, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3746-:d:776321
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sònia Torres & Carla Merino & Beatrix Paton & Xavier Correig & Noelia Ramírez, 2018. "Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tareq Hussein, 2022. "Indoor Exposure and Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate during Smoking and Incense Stick Burning—The Jordanian Case as an Example for Eastern Mediterranean Conditions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-20, December.
    2. Ayumi Onoue & Yohei Inaba & Kentaro Machida & Takuya Samukawa & Hiromasa Inoue & Hajime Kurosawa & Hiromitsu Ogata & Naoki Kunugita & Hisamitsu Omori, 2022. "Association between Fathers’ Use of Heated Tobacco Products and Urinary Cotinine Concentrations in Their Spouses and Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-11, May.

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