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Wind Farm Blockage Revealed by Fog: The 2018 Horns Rev Photo Case

Author

Listed:
  • Charlotte Bay Hasager

    (Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark)

  • Nicolai Gayle Nygaard

    (Ørsted A/S, Kraftværksvej 53, 7000 Fredericia, Denmark)

  • Gregory S. Poulos

    (ArcVera Renewables, 1301 Arapahoe St. Ste 105, Golden, CO 80401, USA)

Abstract

Fog conditions at the offshore wind farm Horns Rev 2 were photographed on 16 April 2018. In this study, we present the results of an analysis of the meteorological conditions on the day of the photographs. The aim of the study was to examine satellite images, meteorological observations, wind turbine data, lidar data, reanalysis data, and wake and blockage model results to assess whether wind farm blockage was a likely cause for the formation of fog upstream of the wind farm. The analysis indicated the advection of warm and moist air mass from the southwest over a cool ocean, causing cold sea fog. Wind speeds at hub height were slightly above cut-in, and there was a strong veer in the shallow stable boundary layer. The most important finding is that the wake and blockage model indicated stagnant air mass arcs to the south and west of the wind farm. In the photographs, sea fog is visible in approximately the same area. Therefore, it is likely that the reduced wind triggered the sea fog condensation due to blockage in this area. A discrepancy between the blockage model and sea fog in the photographs appears in the southwest direction. Slightly higher winds might have occurred locally in a southwesterly direction, which may have dissolved sea fog. The wake model predicted long and narrow wind turbine wakes similar to those observed in the photographs. The novelty of the study is new evidence of wind farm blockage. It fills the gap in knowledge about flow in wind farms. Implications for future research include advanced modeling of flow phenomena near large offshore wind farms relevant to wind farm operators.

Suggested Citation

  • Charlotte Bay Hasager & Nicolai Gayle Nygaard & Gregory S. Poulos, 2023. "Wind Farm Blockage Revealed by Fog: The 2018 Horns Rev Photo Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:24:p:8014-:d:1298135
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Charlotte Bay Hasager & Leif Rasmussen & Alfredo Peña & Leo E. Jensen & Pierre-Elouan Réthoré, 2013. "Wind Farm Wake: The Horns Rev Photo Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-21, February.
    2. Strickland, Jessica M.I. & Gadde, Srinidhi N. & Stevens, Richard J.A.M., 2022. "Wind farm blockage in a stable atmospheric boundary layer," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 50-58.
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