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Review of Measuring Methods, Setups and Conditions for Evaluation of the Inductive Instrument Transformers Accuracy for Transformation of Distorted Waveforms

Author

Listed:
  • Michal Kaczmarek

    (Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland)

  • Ernest Stano

    (Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland)

Abstract

In this review article, ideas for the development of measuring methods and setups to test inductive instrument transformer accuracy for the transformation of distorted current or voltage are analyzed. This article proposes limiting values for ratio error and phase displacement at harmonics. Moreover, the manuscript discusses some remarks about the required test waveform of voltage and current, as well as the operating conditions of the inductive instrument transformer during the test. This includes designation of the number of harmonics, their RMS values and phase angles in relation to the fundamental component, as well as the required load of the VT’s and CT’s secondary winding. The aim of this work is also to show the common requirements and principles of developed methods and measuring setups to justify the proposed solution.

Suggested Citation

  • Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2023. "Review of Measuring Methods, Setups and Conditions for Evaluation of the Inductive Instrument Transformers Accuracy for Transformation of Distorted Waveforms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:11:p:4360-:d:1157174
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michal Kaczmarek & Artur Szczęsny & Ernest Stano, 2022. "Operation of the Electronic Current Transformer for Transformation of Distorted Current Higher Harmonics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-10, June.
    2. Dariusz Brodecki & Ernest Stano & Mateusz Andrychowicz & Piotr Kaczmarek, 2021. "EMC of Wideband Power Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    3. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2022. "Evaluation of the Current Shunt Influence on the Determined Wideband Accuracy of Inductive Current Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-12, September.
    4. Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2021. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Medium Voltage Inductive Voltage Transformers?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-16, July.
    5. Alessandro Mingotti & Lorenzo Peretto & Roberto Tinarelli & Andrea Angioni & Antonello Monti & Ferdinanda Ponci, 2019. "A Simple Calibration Procedure for an LPIT plus PMU System Under Off-Nominal Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    6. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek, 2020. "Comparison of the Wideband Power Sources Used to Supply Step-Up Current Transformers for Generation of Distorted Currents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, April.
    7. Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2021. "Application of the Sinusoidal Voltage for Detection of the Resonance in Inductive Voltage Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, October.
    8. Ernest Stano & Piotr Kaczmarek & Michal Kaczmarek, 2022. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Inductive Current Transformers?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-12, August.
    9. Ernest Stano, 2021. "The Method to Determine the Turns Ratio Correction of the Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-16, December.
    10. Gabriella Crotti & Giovanni D’Avanzo & Domenico Giordano & Palma Sara Letizia & Mario Luiso, 2021. "Extended SINDICOMP: Characterizing MV Voltage Transformers with Sine Waves," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    11. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2022. "The Effect of the Load Power Factor of the Inductive CT’s Secondary Winding on Its Distorted Current’s Harmonics Transformation Accuracy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-11, August.
    12. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2022. "The Performance of the High-Current Transformer during Operation in the Wide Frequencies Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-15, September.
    13. Ernest Stano & Piotr Kaczmarek & Michal Kaczmarek, 2022. "Understanding the Frequency Characteristics of Current Error and Phase Displacement of the Corrected Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-16, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2023. "The Reference Wideband Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-13, October.

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