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Challenges of Accurate Measurement of Distorted Current and Voltage in the Power Grid by Conventional Instrument Transformers

Author

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  • Michal Kaczmarek

    (Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland)

  • Ernest Stano

    (Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland)

Abstract

Power grids are a combined system where the electrical energy produced by the power plants is transmitted to consumers. This forms a specific interdependence where the recipients have a significant impact on the power quality. Therefore, the nonlinear loads connected by households and industrial customers cause current and voltage distortion in the power networks. This creates the need for accurate measurement of nonsinusoidal voltage and current composed not only from the fundamental component but also containing higher harmonics, interharmonics, and subharmonics. In order to ensure high transformation accuracy of distorted current and voltage, the inductive instrument transformers have to be tested in these conditions. Many papers describe their behavior during the transformation of sinusoidal current or voltage. Nowadays, the scientific field in this scope is focused on the evaluation of their exploitation properties for distorted signals. The common problem of inductive instrument transformers is the self-generation of low-order higher harmonics to the secondary current or voltage. In the case of the inductive VTs, an additional problem results from the resonance caused by the parasitic capacitance of the primary winding. The proposed solutions to compensate for the values of current or voltage errors and phase displacement of inductive instrument transformers are also analyzed.

Suggested Citation

  • Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2023. "Challenges of Accurate Measurement of Distorted Current and Voltage in the Power Grid by Conventional Instrument Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:6:p:2648-:d:1094350
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2021. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Medium Voltage Inductive Voltage Transformers?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Michal Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2021. "Application of the Sinusoidal Voltage for Detection of the Resonance in Inductive Voltage Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, October.
    3. Ernest Stano & Piotr Kaczmarek & Michal Kaczmarek, 2022. "Why Should We Test the Wideband Transformation Accuracy of Inductive Current Transformers?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-12, August.
    4. Wei Chen & Jien Ma & Xiaoyan Huang & Youtong Fang, 2015. "Predicting Iron Losses in Laminated Steel with Given Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms of Flux Density," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Ernest Stano, 2021. "The Method to Determine the Turns Ratio Correction of the Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-16, December.
    6. Elzbieta Lesniewska, 2021. "Influence of the Selection of the Core Shape and Winding Arrangement on the Accuracy of Current Transformers with Through-Going Primary Cable," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-13, March.
    7. Gabriella Crotti & Giovanni D’Avanzo & Domenico Giordano & Palma Sara Letizia & Mario Luiso, 2021. "Extended SINDICOMP: Characterizing MV Voltage Transformers with Sine Waves," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    8. Elzbieta Lesniewska, 2022. "Modern Methods of Construction Problem Solving in Designing Various Types of Instrument Transformers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-26, November.
    9. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2022. "The Effect of the Load Power Factor of the Inductive CT’s Secondary Winding on Its Distorted Current’s Harmonics Transformation Accuracy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-11, August.
    10. Ernest Stano & Piotr Kaczmarek & Michal Kaczmarek, 2022. "Understanding the Frequency Characteristics of Current Error and Phase Displacement of the Corrected Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-16, July.
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    1. Michal Kaczmarek & Piotr Kaczmarek & Ernest Stano, 2023. "The Reference Wideband Inductive Current Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Denise Fonseca Resende & Leandro Rodrigues Manso Silva & Erivelton Geraldo Nepomuceno & Carlos Augusto Duque, 2023. "Optimizing Instrument Transformer Performance through Adaptive Blind Equalization and Genetic Algorithms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Ernest Stano & Piotr Kaczmarek & Michal Kaczmarek, 2023. "Evaluation of the Optional Wideband Accuracy of Inductive Current Transformers in Accordance with the Standard IEC 61869-1 Ed.2," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-11, October.

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