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Electric Vehicles: V2G for Rapid, Safe, and Green EV Penetration

Author

Listed:
  • Abdullah Dik

    (Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Siddig Omer

    (Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Rabah Boukhanouf

    (Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

Abstract

Low carbon and renewable energy sources (RESs) are fast becoming a key sustainable instrument in meeting the global growth of electricity demand while curbing carbon emissions. For example, the gradual displacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles with electrically driven counterparts will inevitably increase both the power grid baseload and peak demand. In many developed countries, the electrification process of the transport sector has already started in tandem with the installation of multi-GW renewable energy capacity, particularly wind and solar, huge investment in power storage technology, and end-user energy demand management. The expansion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market presents a new opportunity to create a cleaner and transformative new energy carrier. For instance, a managed EV battery charging and discharging profile in conjunction with the national grid, known as the Vehicle-to-Grid system (V2G), is projected to be an important mechanism in reducing the impact of renewable energy intermittency. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current status of EVs and allied interface technology with the power grid. The main findings and statistical details are drawn from up-to-date publications highlighting the latest technological advancements, limitations, and potential future market development. The authors believe that electric vehicle technology will bring huge technological innovation to the energy market where the vehicle will serve both as a means of transport and a dynamic energy vector interfacing with the grid (V2G), buildings (V2B), and others (V2X).

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah Dik & Siddig Omer & Rabah Boukhanouf, 2022. "Electric Vehicles: V2G for Rapid, Safe, and Green EV Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-26, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:803-:d:731091
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sinsel, Simon R. & Riemke, Rhea L. & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2020. "Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 2271-2285.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Benitto Albert Rayan & Umashankar Subramaniam & S. Balamurugan, 2023. "Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles: A Review on Compensation Topologies, Coil Structures, and Safety Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-46, March.
    3. Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Breyer, Christian, 2024. "Role of smart charging of electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid in integrated renewables-based energy systems on country level," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    4. Hammam, Ahmed H. & Nayel, Mohamed A. & Mohamed, Mansour A., 2024. "Optimal design of sizing and allocations for highway electric vehicle charging stations based on a PV system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PB).
    5. Stefano Menicanti & Marco di Benedetto & Davide Marinelli & Fabio Crescimbini, 2022. "Recovery of Trains’ Braking Energy in a Railway Micro-Grid Devoted to Train plus Electric Vehicle Integrated Mobility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-25, February.
    6. Chaoxi Liang & Qingtao Yang & Hongyuan Sun & Xiaoming Ma, 2024. "Unveiling consumer satisfaction and its driving factors of EVs in China using an explainable artificial intelligence approach," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-13, December.
    7. Yu, Qing & Wang, Zhen & Song, Yancun & Shen, Xinwei & Zhang, Haoran, 2024. "Potential and flexibility analysis of electric taxi fleets V2G system based on trajectory data and agent-based modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    8. Fedorczak-Cisak, Małgorzata & Radziszewska-Zielina, Elżbieta & Nowak-Ocłoń, Marzena & Biskupski, Jacek & Jastrzębski, Paweł & Kotowicz, Anna & Varbanov, Petar Sabev & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír, 2023. "A concept to maximise energy self-sufficiency of the housing stock in central Europe based on renewable resources and efficiency improvement," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    9. Nataliia Shamarova & Konstantin Suslov & Pavel Ilyushin & Ilia Shushpanov, 2022. "Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems Modeling in Microgrids with Renewables Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    10. Md. Rayid Hasan Mojumder & Fahmida Ahmed Antara & Md. Hasanuzzaman & Basem Alamri & Mohammad Alsharef, 2022. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-53, October.
    11. Lei, Xiang & Yu, Hang & Shao, Ziyun & Jian, Linni, 2023. "Optimal bidding and coordinating strategy for maximal marginal revenue due to V2G operation: Distribution system operator as a key player in China's uncertain electricity markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    12. Schulz, Arne & Boysen, Nils & Briskorn, Dirk, 2024. "Centrally-chosen versus user-selected swaps: How the selection of swapping stations impacts standby battery inventories," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 319(3), pages 726-738.
    13. Mattia Gianvincenzi & Marco Marconi & Enrico Maria Mosconi & Claudio Favi & Francesco Tola, 2024. "Systematic Review of Battery Life Cycle Management: A Framework for European Regulation Compliance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-31, November.
    14. Zia Muhammad & Zahid Anwar & Bilal Saleem & Jahanzeb Shahid, 2023. "Emerging Cybersecurity and Privacy Threats to Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Human and Environmental Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-30, January.
    15. Bahman Ahmadi & Elham Shirazi, 2023. "A Heuristic-Driven Charging Strategy of Electric Vehicle for Grids with High EV Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-26, October.
    16. Gábor Horváth & Attila Bai & Sándor Szegedi & István Lázár & Csongor Máthé & László Huzsvai & Máté Zakar & Zoltán Gabnai & Tamás Tóth, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Distinctive Tendencies of the Diffusion of E-Mobility in Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-29, July.
    17. Heeyun Lee & Hyunjoong Kim & Hyewon Kim & Hyunsup Kim, 2025. "Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Charge Scheduling for Electric Vehicles Based on Dynamic Programming," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-15, February.
    18. Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi & Scott Dwyer & Kriti Nagrath & John Alabi, 2022. "Electromobility in Australia: Tariff Design Structure and Consumer Preferences for Mobile Distributed Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    19. Maksymilian Mądziel & Tiziana Campisi, 2023. "Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles: Analysis of Selected Parameters Based on Created Database," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, February.
    20. Mohamed Mroueh & Moustapha Doumiati & Clovis Francis & Mohamed Machmoum, 2024. "An Evidential Solar Irradiance Forecasting Method Using Multiple Sources of Information," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-31, December.
    21. Hamza Mediouni & Amal Ezzouhri & Zakaria Charouh & Khadija El Harouri & Soumia El Hani & Mounir Ghogho, 2022. "Energy Consumption Prediction and Analysis for Electric Vehicles: A Hybrid Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-17, September.

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