IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i21p7902-d952280.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance

Author

Listed:
  • Fabian Steger

    (CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected, and Secure Mobility, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
    School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
    Department of IT & Technology, IU Internationale Hochschule, Juri-Gagarin-Ring 152, 99084 Erfurt, Germany)

  • Jonathan Krogh

    (Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5220 Odense, Denmark)

  • Lasantha Meegahapola

    (School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia)

  • Hans-Georg Schweiger

    (CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected, and Secure Mobility, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany)

Abstract

The design and operation of performant and safe electric vehicles depend on precise knowledge of the behavior of their electrochemical energy storage systems. The performance of the battery management systems often relies on the discrete-time battery models, which can correctly emulate the battery characteristics. Among the available methods, electric circuit-based equations have shown to be especially useful in describing the electrical characteristics of batteries. To overcome the existing drawbacks, such as discrete-time simulations for parameter estimation and the usage of look-up tables, a set of equations has been developed in this study that solely relies on the open-circuit voltage and the internal resistance of a battery. The parameters can be obtained from typical cell datasheets or can be easily extracted via standard measurements. The proposed equations allow for the direct analytical determination of available discharge capacity and the available energy content depending on the discharge current, as well as the Peukert exponent. The fidelity of the proposed system was validated experimentally using 18650 NMC and LFP lithium-ion cells, and the results are in close agreement with the datasheet.

Suggested Citation

  • Fabian Steger & Jonathan Krogh & Lasantha Meegahapola & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2022. "Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:7902-:d:952280
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/7902/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/7902/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Noshin Omar & Peter Van den Bossche & Thierry Coosemans & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2013. "Peukert Revisited—Critical Appraisal and Need for Modification for Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-17, October.
    2. de Hoog, Joris & Timmermans, Jean-Marc & Ioan-Stroe, Daniel & Swierczynski, Maciej & Jaguemont, Joris & Goutam, Shovon & Omar, Noshin & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Van Den Bossche, Peter, 2017. "Combined cycling and calendar capacity fade modeling of a Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide Cell with real-life profile validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 47-61.
    3. Jorge Nájera & Pablo Moreno-Torres & Marcos Lafoz & Rosa M. De Castro & Jaime R. Arribas, 2017. "Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-16, October.
    4. Gaizka Saldaña & José Ignacio San Martín & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Analysis of the Current Electric Battery Models for Electric Vehicle Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-27, July.
    5. Nataliya N. Yazvinskaya & Mikhail S. Lipkin & Nikolay E. Galushkin & Dmitriy N. Galushkin, 2022. "Peukert Generalized Equations Applicability with Due Consideration of Internal Resistance of Automotive-Grade Lithium-Ion Batteries for Their Capacity Evaluation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-11, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alexandros Nikolian & Yousef Firouz & Rahul Gopalakrishnan & Jean-Marc Timmermans & Noshin Omar & Peter Van den Bossche & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2016. "Lithium Ion Batteries—Development of Advanced Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models for Nickel Manganese Cobalt Lithium-Ion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-23, May.
    2. Li, Yi & Liu, Kailong & Foley, Aoife M. & Zülke, Alana & Berecibar, Maitane & Nanini-Maury, Elise & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Hoster, Harry E., 2019. "Data-driven health estimation and lifetime prediction of lithium-ion batteries: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Ma, Jian & Xu, Shu & Shang, Pengchao & ding, Yu & Qin, Weili & Cheng, Yujie & Lu, Chen & Su, Yuzhuan & Chong, Jin & Jin, Haizu & Lin, Yongshou, 2020. "Cycle life test optimization for different Li-ion power battery formulations using a hybrid remaining-useful-life prediction method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    4. Danijel Pavković & Mihael Cipek & Zdenko Kljaić & Tomislav Josip Mlinarić & Mario Hrgetić & Davor Zorc, 2018. "Damping Optimum-Based Design of Control Strategy Suitable for Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-26, October.
    5. Penelope K. Jones & Ulrich Stimming & Alpha A. Lee, 2022. "Impedance-based forecasting of lithium-ion battery performance amid uneven usage," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    6. Andre Leippi & Markus Fleschutz & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "A Review of EV Battery Utilization in Demand Response Considering Battery Degradation in Non-Residential Vehicle-to-Grid Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, April.
    7. Fabian Rücker & Ilka Schoeneberger & Till Wilmschen & Ahmed Chahbaz & Philipp Dechent & Felix Hildenbrand & Elias Barbers & Matthias Kuipers & Jan Figgener & Dirk Uwe Sauer, 2022. "A Comprehensive Electric Vehicle Model for Vehicle-to-Grid Strategy Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-31, June.
    8. Matthieu Matignon & Toufik Azib & Mehdi Mcharek & Ahmed Chaibet & Adriano Ceschia, 2023. "Real-Time Integrated Energy Management Strategy Applied to Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    9. Juan Antonio López-Villanueva & Pablo Rodríguez-Iturriaga & Luis Parrilla & Salvador Rodríguez-Bolívar, 2023. "Application of Variable-Order Fractional Calculus to the Modeling of Calendar Aging in Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-18, March.
    10. Jiale Xie & Jiachen Ma & Jun Chen, 2018. "Peukert-Equation-Based State-of-Charge Estimation for LiFePO4 Batteries Considering the Battery Thermal Evolution Effect," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-14, May.
    11. Muhammad Umair Mutarraf & Yacine Terriche & Kamran Ali Khan Niazi & Juan C. Vasquez & Josep M. Guerrero, 2018. "Energy Storage Systems for Shipboard Microgrids—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.
    12. Christian Geisbauer & Katharina Wöhrl & Daniel Koch & Gudrun Wilhelm & Gerhard Schneider & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2021. "Comparative Study on the Calendar Aging Behavior of Six Different Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistries in Terms of Parameter Variation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, June.
    13. Islam, Shirazul & Iqbal, Atif & Marzband, Mousa & Khan, Irfan & Al-Wahedi, Abdullah M.A.B., 2022. "State-of-the-art vehicle-to-everything mode of operation of electric vehicles and its future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    14. Peng, Qiao & Li, Wei & Fowler, Michael & Chen, Tao & Jiang, Wei & Liu, Kailong, 2024. "Battery calendar degradation trajectory prediction: Data-driven implementation and knowledge inspiration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    15. Edwin R. Grijalva & José María López Martínez, 2019. "Analysis of the Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in Urban Environments by Replacing Conventional City Buses by Electric Bus Fleets: Spain Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-31, February.
    16. Karimi, Danial & Behi, Hamidreza & Berecibar, Maitane & Van Mierlo, Joeri, 2023. "A comprehensive coupled 0D-ECM to 3D-CFD thermal model for heat pipe assisted-air cooling thermal management system under fast charge and discharge," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    17. Haber, Marc & Azaïs, Philippe & Genies, Sylvie & Raccurt, Olivier, 2023. "Stress factor identification and Risk Probabilistic Number (RPN) analysis of Li-ion batteries based on worldwide electric vehicle usage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    18. Jia Guo & Yaqi Li & Kjeld Pedersen & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2021. "Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-22, August.
    19. Pelletier, Samuel & Jabali, Ola & Laporte, Gilbert & Veneroni, Marco, 2017. "Battery degradation and behaviour for electric vehicles: Review and numerical analyses of several models," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 158-187.
    20. Quintana, Jose J. & Ramos, Alejandro & Diaz, Moises & Nuez, Ignacio, 2021. "Energy efficiency analysis as a function of the working voltages in supercapacitors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:7902-:d:952280. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.